Synthetic routes

Free radical substitution with a halogen - needs UV light.

Free radical substitution with a halogen - needs UV light.

Alkane → Haloalkane

Hydrogenation at 150 degrees Celsius with hydrogen and a nickel catalyst.

Alkene → Alkane

Electrophilic addition of a hydrogen halide.

Alkene → Haloalkane

Nucleophilic substitution - heat under reflux with aqueous NaOH.

Haloalkane → Alcohol

Hydrolysis - NaX and H2SO4.

Alcohol → Haloalkane

Hydration with steam and H2SO4.

Alkene → Alcohol

Dehydration with Al2O3 or a concentrated acid

Alcohol → Alkene

Distillation of primary alcohol with Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

Alcohol → Aldehyde

Heat primary alcohol under reflux with Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

Alcohol → Carboxylic acid

Heat secondary alcohol under reflux with Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

Alcohol → Ketone