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Paine

published a pamphlet to help rally Washington's troops "the American crisis". The first essay spoke of a glorious triumph and the threat of the British taking your home.

Saratoga

One of the first setbacks for Great Britain during the Revolution. British goal was to choke off Philadelphia. General William Howe did not wait for Burgoyne and pushed south from Canada into Philadelphia. The Americans under Hiratio defeated the Burgoyne and this brought the French in to fight on their side.

various military groups

French formally enter the war and agree to fight to the death, native Americans, Spanish and Americans on one side versus the British and hessians

Frontier

loyalist (tories) & natives vs isolated Patriots along Ohio Valley, Western NY and Penn. George Rogers Clark and his men seize British outpost.

Major Military man

Washington, Cornwallis, Benedict Arnold, Montgomery

Southern Efforts

British hoped the loyalist and slaves would join them in the war effort and initially had success. Led by Sir Henry Clinton by seizing the port cities of Savannah & Charleston. Battle of kings mountain was when the Americans began using guerilla warfare.

Cornwallis

British General who had Georgia and SC under British control in 1780. Eventually retreated to Yorktown in June 1781. Washington was waiting for him there and won the battle of Yorktown leading to the surrender in 1781.

Treaty of Paris

GB recognized the 13 colonies as independent, ceded all land to Mississippi River in west causing a doubling in nation size (9,000 sq. miles). Many loyalist fled to Canada.

Articles of Confederation

Started in 1776. States remain sovereign and Independent - congress is last resort for disputes, Congress could make treaties, alliances, maintain armed forces, and coin money. No power to levy taxes & no regulation of commerce. National bank went into effect in 1781.

1787 Constitution

gathering in Philadelphia to revise the AOC but adopted a new constitution. Needed a stronger national government and agreed that nat gov has power over the people but not the states.

1787 Constitution 2

National government can tax, borrow, issue money, and declare war. states cannot print money, wage war, or levy taxes on imports.

1787 Constitution 3

Virginia plan - bicameral legislature based on population of state with an upper (7 yr) and lower (3yr) house.

New Jersey plan - equal representation in congress.

Great compromise - equal representation in the upper house and population based in the lower house.

Essays

85 Federalist papers written in support of constitution by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and Jon Jay. Union can act firmly in foreign interests. split of powers to prevent a strong branch taking over.

Political parties

Federalist (Hamilton, strong central gov) more urban and industrial.

Democratic Republicans (Jefferson, strong state gov) southern farmers.

Smith

"Wealth of Nation" argued specialization creating huge productivity gains. both side benefit from trade. competition \= prosperity. Entrepreneurs should be able to compete freely for profits.

Ordinances

1787 gave northwest territory around the great lakes and added 3-5 states once they had grown more

Farewell

Washington's final speech as president, stay away from foreign policy and avoid political parties

Bank

the lack of national bank hurt the financing of war. 1816 the second national bank was created. Madison was a big advocate for the creation of this bank.

Hamiltons federal debt solutions

Believed it was national govs responsibility to get rid of debt. Established a central bank.

Shays

A rebellion fueled by taxes raised on farmers upon request of merchants. Caused many farmers to foreclose and lose land and right to vote. Insurgents planned to raid a weapon capital in springfield but were met with resistance. fled but ultimately won their main goal as government quit these taxes. This showed that the country was vulnerable to anarchy.

jay

Kept the US out of conflict through his treaty. British withdrew, joint commission to handle boundary disputes, compensation agreement for seized ships, and freedom of commerce. 2/3 approved.

US & France

War breaks out between Britain and France but the US remains neutral refusing to join in on the war.

Jefferson and debt

slashed federal budget, fired all tax collectors and cut military in half. wished for westward expansion and a nation of small farmers. wish for higher taxes and access to international markets.

Merchants & Mediterranean

Barbary pirates were islamic rulers in the mediterranean and most european countries did not mess with them. Jefferson however sent military enforcement to their area to keep them in line. a ship of sailors from uss philadelphia got stuck and held 100 sailors captive.

1800 votes

Battle of Hamilton(federalist) vs. Burr(republican). Burr published and article written by Hamilton attacking the character of John Adams, ultimately taking Hamilton out of the race.

Judiciary Act issues

created new federal courts with federalist judges which wasn't fair to the democrats

Louisiana Purchase Primary docs.

lots of discussion about if states are allowed to be admitted to the union by force or if they should make the choice

Lewis

sent by Jefferson to explore the land west of the Mississippi. asked congress to fund the expedition and got $2,500. was a former army officer. Became Jeffersons secretary after the expedition.

1804 election

Hamilton and burr dueled for governor. burr ran as an independant while Hamilton campaigned against him. the albany register published an article of Hamilton speaking bad about burr. burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and killed him.

Burr

"the man who killed hamilton" and fled to SC. tried to detach the western states from the union and was ratted out by his friend general james wilkinson and arrested in mississippi. fled to europe and became governor or NY upon his return.

Jefferson vs. English

The British began to impress British citizens on US ships to come fight for them. 15,000 citizens were impressed, and this angered Jefferson along with Britain blocking trade in Europe. This led to Jefferson implementing the embargo act which prevented any trade outside of the US - crippling our economy. Next came the non-intercourse act preventing trade with Britain and France.

Royal Navy

large navy from Britian that continued to harass the US ships until the US finally declared war on Britain.

Andrew Jackson & War of 1812

First US declaration of war on another country. 80% voted for war in congress. Andrew jackson led the way in the fighting. long expensive war.

Britian & Balitmore

British set foot for Fort Mchenry and bombed the fort for 25 hours. Francis Scott Key wrote the star-spangled banner after witnessing the flag still standing throughout all of this bombing.

1812 peace

Treaty of Ghent put an end to all of the fighting after Britain lost the battle of Lake Champlain. Agreed to end war and release prisoners. Nothing was mentioned for impressment or neutral vessels which created this war.

Battle of New Orleans

Fought after the treaty of Ghent when Andrew Jackson rallied southerners to fight against the British headed their way. The british lost 2,000 in 30 minutes while Jackson only lost 100 men. The US front lines were described as a row of fiery furnaces.

Hartford

Federalist party met in secret for 3 weeks in New England to speak about their grievances. Spoke of Secession from the Union and potential rule changes.

Hartford 2

discussed removing the 3/5 slave rule, more than simple majority for war approval, no trade embargos past 60 days, foreign born cannot hold office, president serves one term and must be from a different state. Took these ideas to congress and were laughed at, ultimately led to the fall of the federalist party.

Market Economy

The ability to send your product over long distances. This made possible through the innovation of travel and communication.

Transportation improvements

turnpikes (toll roads) made travel by horse faster. The steamboat was created under Robert Fulton "clermont". Steamboats could go against the stream on the Mississippi river making trade significantly faster.

Transportation improvements 2

The railroad became a safer and faster way of travel. First railroad engine was created by Briton George Stephenson, and it connected Stockton and Darlington.

Inventions

The printing press was created to make printing easier and cheaper for new papers. Samuel Morse created the electromagnetic telegraph system to communicate across long distances through a wire. Ellie was the first to send a long-distance telegram from NY to Baltimore.

Inventions 2

Eli Whitneys cotton gin, horse drawn reaper, John Deere riding plow, Charles Goodyear "vulcanization" of Rubber.

Textiles

Francis Cabot Lowell believed that the textile process could happen all under one roof through the vertical system. Hired many young women for an opportunity to make decent money and to have a new life. treated women fairly well in those days standards after seeing how kids were treated in Europe.

cotton

Became a dominant industry after Whitneys invention of the cotton gin. cost of production fell by 90% and transportation was easier. three quarters of the worlds cotton was in the American south. slave populations tripled during this time.

Immigration

60,000 immigrants before the 1840's. tripled in 1840's and quadrupled in 1850's. 1 in 8 people in America were immigrants.

Immigration 2

many people began to despise all of the different European people immigrating to the US and this was called nativism.

Know Nothings

A group of nativist that was strongly against the Irish and catholic immigrants that were pouring into the US. The order of the Star-Spangled banner was another name that they called themselves and they pledged to never vote for a catholic. Philadelphia outrage between Catholics and know nothings resulted in burned churches and 20 people killed. Became a political party that ran in the election but ultimately failed due to its alignment with pro-slavery.

1860 pop

city population doubled because of industrialization in the cities. Population in cities rose from 5% to 16%

Irish

Came to the US through famine in their own country and were despised in the US because of the catholic faith. Portrayed as monkeys in drawings and seen as coming to take jobs from Americans just to take the money back home to Ireland. seen as dirty people.