close rel wk 1-3 (class)

Hindsight bias

The inclination to see events as having been predictable after they have already occurred.

Married people

Tend to be happier with their lives than single people.

Economic view of marriage

Being married is comparable to receiving an additional $100,000 a year.

Key factors for happiness in marriage

Good relationships and emotional support.

Loneliness

Defined as the subjective perception that social needs are not being met.

Social exclusion

Having poor social relationships increases the likelihood of mortality more than smoking, drinking, or flu.

Effects of loneliness on health

Loneliness can lead to poorer reported health, increased risk of heart attacks, poor sleep, and poor immune functioning.

Similarity in attraction

Shared demographics, personality, values and attitudes increase the likelihood of forming friendships.

Reciprocity in attraction

People are more attracted to those who express liking in return.

The lipstick effect

During economic declines, women tend to spend more on beauty products to attract wealthier mates.

Ovulatory shift

Women's mate preferences shift to favor men with good genes when they are nearer to ovulation.

Behavioural consequences of social exclusion

Social exclusion can lead to aggressive behavior and hostility, often directed at random people, specifically to whom you assume you wont see again.

Social inclusion cues

Socially excluded individuals are better at detecting signs of inclusion.

Physical beauty stereotype

What is beautiful is often associated with positive traits such as sensitivity and kindness.

Mental effects of exclusion

Exclusion can increase psychological pain similar to physical injury, affecting emotional well-being.

Relationship between loneliness and social perception

Lonely individuals often have a distorted view of their social skills and perceive others as more attractive.

Impact of ovulation on female behavior

Women feel sexier, are more motivated to socialize, and prefer revealing clothing closer to ovulation.

Importance of social bonds

Humans have a fundamental need to belong and make social connections.

Attitudes toward attractiveness across cultures

Cultural context shapes attitudes, preferences, and standards of physical and personality-based attractiveness. What one culture views as beautiful or desirable can differ dramatically from another, and these standards shift based on cultural values, norms, media, and environmental factors.

Emotional reactions to social exclusion

Feelings of social exclusion often resemble feelings of physical pain.

Cognitive reactions to social exclusion

Socially excluded individuals tend to be hypersensitive to social interactions.

Effect of loneliness on vaccine effectiveness

Loneliness may reduce the effectiveness of vaccinations, as shown in flu shot studies.

In _ countries, married people were more satisfied in life than single people

42

Why does marriage make people happy?

protection effects 

Protection effects

-financial well-being

-helps people cope with bad things

-reduces risky behavior

in 4 years following heart attack. -% of patients in happy relationships died. _% of patients in unhappy relationships died

30%, 55%

when faced with a possible shock, what calmed people in HAPPY relationships down?

Holding hands 

Rejection

When a person/group doesn’t want to have a relationship with another person

-can be conveyed directly (turning down a date) or indirectly (insults or derogatory terms)

Ostracism

when people feel ignored by others (cold shoulder treatment, being kept “out of the loop”

Reactions to exclusion (cognitive)

leads people to pay close attention to signs of inclusion (smiling)

-better at detecting others’ facial expressions, distinguishing fake from real smiles, faster to focus attention on where others are looking, and judge others as being physically closer,

How lonely people see themselves 

• Lonely people tend to see everyone else as more intelligent and more attractive than themselves

• They estimate that others see them horribly, socially awkward, unlikeable, closed off, unattractive, unfriendly, follower

How others see lonely people

People find lonely people as less warm, less confident, shy, unassertive, socially awkward and aloof

Familiarity in relationships

Repeated exposure to another person, which generally increases liking & comfort with them.

Why is reciprocity so important?

the tendency for people to like others more when they believe those others like them in return

we like others who like us because of how high the fear of rejection is.

YOU ARE MOST APPEALING TO SOMEONE WHO SHOWS INTERESTS IN YOU & NO ONE ELSE

attractive for men

prominent eyebrow ridges, broad jaw

women see bearded men as more masculine but not more attractive

What is considered attractive for all?

Larger eyes, smaller noses, prominent cheekbones, large smile

peole with symmetrical faces

What is considered attractive for women?

Small chins

Men see women with makeup as more attractive

most attractive hip ratio

Women : 0.7 (nromal weight with small waist)

men: 0.9 (normal weight, waist and hips relatively same width)

_ women found symmetrical men sexier

ovulating

How do women mate rpeferences change during ovuation

Women prefer men with good genes (cues that indicate masculinity, attractiveness, not formed by genetics)

Ferility

On ovulation where youre body is liekly to make a baby

Women prefer dominant, masucline, deeper voice, musclar men when ovulating

ovulation in relaitonships

When women are ovulating in relationships, they prefer a man with a deeper voice, bigger muscles, and more masculine features over their partner. If their partner is attractive, then they get more sexually aroused by their partner.

Why women dress more seductive when ovulating 

When women are ovulating, they feel sexier, wear more revealing clothes, are more motivated to attend social gatherings, exercise more and eat less, and compete more with other women. 

environmental secuity hypothesis

During hard times (found in study of playmates) ; playmates were older. They had narrow hips, were taller, heavier. When conditions are threatening or uncertain, people prefer faces with more mature faces

waist-hip ratio

Men preferred women with “normal weight” at a 0.7 whr

Women preferred men to be a normal weight at a “0.9” who