KNES 344 MIDTERM 1 (copy)

what is social identity?

group which people belong to

what does identity refer to?

how we experience social life as individuals are shaped in covert and overt ways by broader norms, values, and beliefs related to identities and sense of self

what can voices be used synonymously with?

representation

what can we say about our knowledge about the social world around us?

our knowledge about the social world around us as individuals, communities, and social systems is incomplete,

what have many groups in academic research, popular media and other social institutions experienced in terms of voicing themselves?

have been excluded from or ignored in academic research, popular media and other social institutions

what is equity?

the practice of ensuring fair, inclusive, and respectful treatment of all people with considerations of individual and group diversities

what is critical to acknowledge in terms of equity?

acknowledge inequity exists, supported by evidence from researchers, government agencies, advocacy organizations, media sources

diversity = ____

variety

how does the canadian center for diversity and inclusion define diversity?

variety of unique dimensions, qualities, and characteristic that we all possess

what is diversity about?

recognizing, accepting, respecting, and celebrating individual differences

what does inclusion not equal?

assimilation (adding on to)

how does Dr. George Sefa Dei define inclusion?

not bringing people into what already exists, making a new and better space for everyone

what can inclusion be defined as?

collective endeavour about creating a culture that strives for equity and embraces, respects, accepts, and values difference

what was recently added to the EDI framework?

accessibility

what does EDI stand for?

equity, diversity, inclusion

what is an example that shows us our knowledge about social world is incomplete?

history of canada, voices of indigenous people are marginalized or erased

how can barriers be defined?

in relation to physical, mental, intellectual, cognitive, learning, communication, or sensory impairment and functional limitations (Accessible canada act)

what is social justice?

involves full and equal participation of all groups in society that is mutually shaped to meet their needs, includes visions of society where distribution of resources is equitable and people are physically and psychologically safe and secure

what does the CCDI definition of diversity suggest?

suggests diversity is about the individual

what is activism?

direction action that is meant to create social or political change

are activism and advocacy the same?

different but shared goal of social change

what is advocacy?

person or group speaking and acting with and on behalf of another person, group, or cause

what are personal values important for?

personal values and beliefs help us make sense of the social world in which we live

what is a primary focus for addressing and considering disabilities?

inclusion of people with disabilities in discussion and decision making (rules and policies), society cant be fully inclusive until its accessible to all

what is accessibility defined as by the government of canada?

creating barrier free communities, workplaces, and services for all canadians

what must we do to gain social justice?

co-create ways to eliminate barriers

how do personal values change and develop?

learn, unlearn, and relearn values and beliefs about the world as we interact with families, friends, religions, schools, businesses, social media and media

what are social theories?

tools or lenses to understand our social world, product of rigorous within academia and informed by or in conversation with social activists

are personal values the same as social theories? how are they different?

no, personal values are informed by lived experiences

what do advocates have?

greater access to and opportunity to create change

what is an example of advocacy?

pride tape and evidence informed policy, colin kaepernick (advocated racial injustice, hockey player)

what is are some examples of activism?

boycotts, marches, protests, (ex:WNBA)

what is the purpose of the accessible canada act? When was it made?

2019, try to make canada barrier free

what phrase helps highlight the idea of inclusion of people with disabilities in decision making and discussion?

nothing with us without us

if policies are changed but rules are not adjusted to reflect this, is the community still more inclusive?

no

what is an example of a lack in diversity in sport and how that has influenced sport experiences?

winter 2022 canadian olympic team, 215 athletes sent only 2 indigenous (jocelyn Larocque - womens ice hockey, liam gill-snow boarding), few black athletes

are equity and equality the same? Why?

no, cant achieve equity by treating everyone equally

what does equity do?

honours and accommodates specific needs

what is an example of practicing equity in sport?

sport policies to ensure representation in leadership

what policy does the IOC aim to enforce in regards to female athletes?

all females need to be tested for LA olympics if thought to have unfair advantage (like testosterone effects)

what are some of the different categories of social identity?

gender, sexuality,, race and ethnicities, indigeneity, ability, social class

what is sociology about?

thinking beyond the personal and understanding lived experiences as a part of a larger system of social norms, values, and beliefs that govern way we go about our daily lives and make sense of our experiences

what is the significance of sociologist C. Wright Mills (2000)?

argued that what appears to only be an individual problem is also an issue of social structure, we should expand our thinking about social life to include the impact of systems, structures, and history on us as individuals

what is sociological imagination?

ability to imagine the impact that social structures have on us

is our sociological imagination broad and unlimited?

it is inherently limited

why is our sociological imagination inherently limited?

society is too large and complex to see it all in action and understand how/why it functions, we are born into societies and cultures with taken for granted/common sense knowledge that impact our identities, behaviours, beliefs, and experiences

how do we develop/expand our sociological imagination?

study and practice sociology, how are others experiences different and how do social forces contribute

what are social theories used to do?

tools to help us examine specific aspects of society and how societies function the way they do

what can social theories do?

help us ask critical questions about social life, helps in calling into question, unpacking, challenging, understanding, and explaining social norms, values, beliefs, ideas, serves as metaphorical magnifying glass that govern individual experiences

how do social theories serve as a metaphorical magnifying glass?

a lens through which to investigate social life

how do social theories emerge?

from cycle of methodological examination, contemplation, and scrutiny of empirical data from the social world

what is the process of forming social theories?

observe and question elements of social life, identify issues, review past research, consider social theories and methods, collect and analyze data (quantitative or qualitative), use research to produce knowledge, publish research (peer review), academic conversations to discuss claims, use research to develop/implement policy, social change

what view does social constructivism adopt about reality??

what we view as reality is constructed through shared agreements about meaning and value of objects/ideas (knowledge)

what view does social constructivism adopt about knowledge??

it is produced and reproduced (or constructed and reconstructed), through our interactions with other people, institutions, beliefs and values, it is contextual

true or false:

equity is the practice of ensuring equal, fair, inclusive, and respectful treatment of all people, with considerations of individual and group needs?

false, equity does not equal equality

what does C wright mills say about individuals seeking explanations on their issues?

most people seek explanations for problems experienced by the family at one level, the individual level, so we try to ask what the family did wrong but we need to look at the broader image too

according to Dr. Dhingra how should be look at our experienes?

with sociological imagination and how social, political, and economic forces shape our experiences rather than accept common knowledge

according to Dr.Dhingra what is meant by this common sense knowledge in society? How does he suggest we approach this?

given social and physical laws the govern our behaviour and its our job to question these laws

what are some examples of these given social laws that we should look at with our sociological imagination Dr.Dhingra refers to?

code of the streets (violence to earn respect and demonstrate wealth but this is a response to lack of institutional support), pursuit of hypereducation (pursuit of school out of school seen as behaviour of tiger parents, but parents just try to prepare the kids for communtiy tht uses social capital), white flight (families try to leave areas where there are coloured “tiger parents”), debutant balls (parents hate to go, but they are trying to prepare kids for future)

what is meant by saying knowledge is contextual?

specific to a place (spatial) and time (temporal), it can be challenged and transformed, (ex: canada flag)

how is the canada flag an example of social constructivism?

created by people or institutions that said we need something to represent us giving it meaning and making it real to us

has sport and PA always existed or was it created?

created informally and formally

has sports and PA always existed the same way or have changes been made? If yes, how and in what ways?

no, rules may have changed

Has sports and PA always had the same meaning over time? Does it have the same meaning in Canada that it does in other parts of the world?

no, meaning of PA is contextually specific

why is social constructionism good?

it can help us understand how people construct and reconstruct knowledge

what is meant by referring to sport as a male preserve

starting in early 1800s and growing in ideology throughout the Industrial Revolution, sport and physical activity serves specific purpose of masculinizing young men at the time

why was there a male preserve of sport?

response to demasculinizing of population post industrial revolution since manual labour decreased and boys more influenced by moms, organized sport designed for only men to participate in with a battle mentality

what was the outcome in girls and women in response to the male preserve?

exclusion, contestation, limited inclusion (allowed in sports but in moderation), growing womens movement

what is feminism?

movement to examine, describe, challenge, and aim to dismantle unequal relationships of social power

What is feminism a commitment to?

commitment to achieving equality of sexes the in economic, poltiical and social life

what does feminism challenge?

sexism

what is sexism?

belief in longstanding gender role stereotypes/expectations and in the inherent inequality between men and women

is feminism exclusive to women?

no, men also have a stake in overcoming the restrictive social roles that deprive them of full humanity

what was a part of the first wave of feminism?

began formally in mid-late 19th century, the bicycle, inclusion in olympic games, womens sport in canada (WW1, WW2)

when did the first wave of feminism begin?

mid-late 19th century, emerged from urban industrialism and liberal/socialist policies, key event: 1848 senec falls convention USA

what happened in the 1848 seneca falls convention USA? Why is it important?

before and at this point role of women was to reproduce and take care of home so 300 men and women rallied for equality, started first wave of feminism

what were the main objectives of the first wave of feminism? Who led this?

suffrage (right to vote), recognition of women as persons under the law, open up opportunities for women, led by mostly white middle class women

what was the role of the bicycle in the first wave of feminism?

moral and medical panic, symbol of changing and challenging culture, shift to discourse that light PA is positive for womens health and reproduction

how was the bicycle a symbol of changing and challenging culture? What does this refer to?

allowed them to ride away from their house so they weren’t home bodies anymore, clothing (customized for biking), womens bodies changing and expressions of femininity, sexual pleasure

What is the time line for inclusion of women in olympic games during the first wave of feminism?

inclusion in only feminine sports, 1900- tennis and golf, 1904-archery, 1921-womens olympiad, 1928- first canadian women in olympic games

what is key about womens sport in canada post WW1?

(golden age 1920-1939), men left for war, work and sport spaces opened up, allowed for more socialization, (ex: edmonton grads of 1912-1940, amateur womens basketball team and won world champions, 95% win rate)

what is key about womens sport in canada post WW2?

re-emergence of traditional gender norms (barbara ann scott, figure skating- idealized female athlete - like a doll that shouldnt be touched), masculinity concerns, homohysteria, womens participation with caveats, indigenous women largely excluded from mainstream sport, denied access to sport and residential schools

when did the second wave of feminism take place?

1960-1990s, in context of anti-war, civil rights, sexuality, and reproductive rights (passing equal rights movement, self consciousness of minorities), diversification of perspectives, increased role of academics and theory at associated with subjugation of women

what were the objectives of the second wave of feminism?

equal pay legislation, paid maternity leave, removal of glass ceilings, end of sexxual exploitations (porn, beauty, pageants), establishing rape crisis centers, changes to abortion laws

What was the second wave of feminism from 1960-1990 known to be and what are some examples that match this title?

considered years of enormous success for canadian women in sport, despite little financial support (ex: Abby hoffoman-track, nancy green-skiing, debbie brill-high jump, angela bailey-track, charmaine crooks-track, sylvie bernier-diving, elizabeth manley-figure skating)

what was the timeline from 1960s-1990s in the second wave of feminism? What happened?

1961 (fitness and amateur sport act0, 1967 (royal commission on status of women), 1972 (title IX in USA), 1981 (CAAWS- canadian association for advancement of women in sport)

when did the third wave of feminism take place? What did it involve?

mid 1990s, people born into world where feminism had always existed, greater access to education, significant connections between theory and activism/advocacy, increased access to technology, social media (blogs, e-zines)

what were the main objectives of the third wave of feminism?

challenging social construction of “universal womanhood” & idealism of 2nd wave, individual identity and agency (personal stories and empowerment), challenge language and binary categories, anti-racism, anti-colonialism, anti-capitalism, fighting feminist backlash

how did the third wave of feminism relate to Sport/PA?

first wave to directly recognize role that sport could play in empowering women, nike (corporatization, consumerism and womens sport), 1996 olympic games (atlanta, year of the woman), 1999 womens world cup (more ticket sales, media coverage, fan reactions)

what key quote relates to the 1999 womens world cup?

the stronger women get, the more men love football - mariah burton nelson, men who resented feminist views found comfort in fact that women could never be in NFL

when did the fourth wave of feminism occur?

argued to begin in 2008 but not agreed upon by all scholars/activists

what are the characteristics of the fourth wave of feminism?

less about academics and more about activism/advocacy, public discussions about topics once considered taboo, inclusive, intersectional form of feminism, intricately linked to technology (#metoo), reclaiming term feminist, awareness of socially constructed gender ideals, backlash - mens rights groups (arguing feminism is about hating men)

what was the fourth wave of feminism about?

not just about struggles for women, its about gender equity

what did the fourth wave of feminism question?

questions common sense narratives around gender and athletic performance, pushing for deeper structural change rather than just individual success within existing male frameworks (ex: testosterone, sex segragated sport)

what did the fourth wave of feminism call for?

increased media coverage, equal sponsership, and more opportunities to showcase womens abilities and boost participation

what did the fourth wave of feminism prioritize?

safer, more inclusive environments, addressing issues like transphobia, mental health stigma and misogyny within sports

what are feminist theories?

like other social theories, offer an explanation of our social lives with a specific focus on sex, gender, and sexuality

what are the general tenets across all feminist theories?

used to investigate/challenge traditional notions about sex, gender, sexuality in different temporal and spatial contexts, explore/expose social inequities, ask questions about/help explain experiences of women/girls in social institutions like sport, understand how dominant ideas about sex, gender, annd sexuality impact boys and men

what are some social inequities feminist theories explore?

sexism, heterosexism, cis-sexism, homophobia, transphobia, femmephobia

what do feminist theories recognize?

recognize that heteropatriarchal systems of sex, gender and sexuality maintain an unequal distribution of social power