Midterm crime

What are three types of norms

Folkways, Mores, Laws

What are folkways

ways of life, basic, designed to ease daily interactions

What are mores

social standards and moral values

ex. cheating

What are laws

Written down version of norms that apply to everyone and face consequences

ex. sanctions 

What are the different levels of felonies and misdemeanors 

Felonies 6 levels-  1 being most serious

Misdemeanors 4 levels- 1 being serious 

What crimes are included in the national crime victimization survey

8 index offenses minus arson and murder

• robbery, rape, assault, theft, motor vehicle theft, and burglary

What kinds of characteristics of victims are available in the NCVS

Race, gender, martial status, income, and education level

When did NIBRS become the only way of recording data on crimes reported to the police

2021

What 3 states had coverage under 50% of their law enforcement agencies (NIBRS)

Florida, New york, Pennsylvania

What are the key differences between NIBRS and the summary reporting system (SRS)?

Included homicide and arson (all 8 offenses)

Link between lead in the environment and the crime rate documented

a.   Degrades the brain's executive functions and impairs the communication channels between these parts of the brain… results in slower and less coordinated, and more aggressive

b.   Leaded gasoline, when ingested by a child, has a lag time of 23 years, which is the time difference between high rates of leaded gasoline and the rise in crime rates

c.    1920 Tetraethyl lead, the gasoline additive that prevented knocking and pinging in engines, will create a crime wave in 20 years

  What is a clearance rate?  What is required for a crime to be labeled as “cleared”? What does it mean to be cleared by exceptional means? 

a.   The clearance rate is the time it takes to solve a case

b.   For a case to be cleared, an ARREST, CHARGE, and PROSECUTION, but not always a conviction.

c.    Cleared by exceptional means- arrest prevented by something beyond the control of law enforcement

The article that we read about homicide clearance rates, what did Cook and Mancik conclude was/were responsible for the causes of the change?

a.   Evolving structures of clearance rates

b.   The trends in investigative resources

c.    Attitudes toward police

What are the typical demographic characteristics of homicide victims and offenders?

a.   Victims: Men, younger, African American, most likely to know the offender

b.   Offenders: Men, Male, likely same race as victim

WHat are the significant changes in the law related to sexul assult that occured in the 1970 and 80?

a.   Rape shield laws: prohibit victims from being asked about their previous sexual history and questions insinuating it was their fault

b.   Marital rape laws

c.    Modification of force requirements

d.   Statutes recognizing sexual crimes outside of sex (intercourse): only recognized forcible rape before

e.   Penalty structure: different levels of SA and consequences

  What factors “matter” in the way that various types of sex offenses are labeled/defined under Virginia’s statutes?

a.   Age of the victim

b.   Nature of sexual contact

c.    Consent: degree and amount of force

How does def of rape change in 2012 (SRS)

Includes men and any form of penetration

  What are the most typical/common demographic characteristics of rape/sexual assault victims?

Females, 10-20, Black or white, acquatintances

What does reporting rates for rape look like

20ish percent… lowest of all violent crimes

The most common victim-offender relationship for robberies

stranger

NCVS indicates which sex has higher rate of aggravated assult in intimate relationship

females

Income data from NCVS found which group to have hgiher rates of robbery victimization

lower income, poor

What is the property index that accounts for majority of index crimes

larceny

what property crime has the highest reporting rate

Motor vehicle theft

Are more people arrested for possession or sale drug crime

possession

Were drugs that are currently illegal legal in 19th centry

Yes, cocaine, herion

Which drugs are most likly to be found in arrests of possesion

Marijuanna, meth (other dangeous narcotics)

Which drugs are most likly to be found in arrests of sales

Opium, cocaine, and other dangerous narcotics 

What proportionof people who are incancerated in prinsons in USA are there for drug crime

about half

What criteria are used to “schedule” various drugs under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970?

a.   Potential for abuse

b.   Currently accepted medical use

c.    Level of safety (with supervision of a medical provider)

How widespread is the legalization of marijuana

Only 13 states have not approved of medical or recreational use

What is drugs defined offenses

Laws that prevent possession, distribution, or manufacture of drugs

What is drug related offense

Drug pharmacologic effects contribute… motivated by the need for money for drugs and offenses connected to drug distribution

What is drug-using lifestyle offenses

Crime and drugs are common aspects of this lifestyle. Criminal skills learned from other offenders

What protections have we historically seen in the law for the right of people to be violent in intimate relationships?

a.   Hammurabi’s code: the first form of law in ancient times, and it only included how to discipline the bad behavior of wives

b.   Roman law: Man was in charge of dealing with family issues. He could kill his wife and children without consequences

c.    The Middle Ages: A Man was in charge of the welfare of his family and had to beat his wife if she did something wrong, or else he was sinning

d.   USA NC: Rule of thumb: the stick has to be smaller than the man’s thumb

1.   What impacts of sexual or physical violence did the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey find to be more common for women than for men?

a.   Women are more fearful, more likely to be injured, concerned with safety, PTSD, needed medical care, and help from law enforcement

1.   How did Sutherland define white collar crime?

a.   Crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the context of his occupation

1.   What was the problem with the Pinto?

a.   When hit from behind, the car would catch fire because the nails holding the bumper in place would penetrate the gas tank as it was smooshed together

1.   Which types/categories of hate crime are most common (i.e., crimes against persons vs property)

a.   Property damage (1)

                                              i.     vandalism

b.   Crimes against persons (2)

                                              i.     intimidation

1.   What are the 4 types of hate crime offenders identified in McDevitt, Levin, and Bennet?

a.   Defensive

b.   Thrill-seeking offenders

c.    Retaliatory offenders

d.   Mission offenders

  What are the protected statuses for hate crimes under Virginia law?

  Race, Religion, ethnicity, gender, disability, Gender identity, sexual orientation

  What are the most common bias categories for hate crimes?

   Race, Religion, Sexual orientation

  How have reports to the IC3 changed across time?

  Significantly increased in the number of reports

What were the most common types of cybercrime reported in IC3’s 2024 report?

a.   Phishing/spoofing (trick, imitate someone)

b.   Extortion

c.    Personal data breach

What did IC3 report about Crytpo Fraud in terms of time trends and losses?

Complaints and losses have increased significantly each year since 2021 In 2024, $9.3 billion in losses

   What are the most common types of offense reported to the CyberTipline?

a.   Child pornography

b.   Child sex trafficking

c.    Online enticement of children for sexual acts

  What was the offense noted as having an alarmingly high rate of increase since 2020?  (In reports to CyberTipline)

   Online enticement of a child for sexual acts

What types of offenses were reported most commonly in the study which elicited data on the childhood experiences of young adults (with regard to online offenses)?

a.   Online solicitation (request for sexual material, sex talk, unwanted questions)

b.   Online child sexual abuse (any solicitation of a sexual act from an adult)

c.    Image-based sexual abuse (pressure/threat to obtain an image)

1.   What are the typical characteristics of child pornography (from the study of the material in the possession of child porn offenders)?

a.   White, male, older than 25, and unpartnered

1.   Do hate crimes cover only minority statuses?  Or majority as well?

a.   Minorities and Majorities

What does the 2022 data from the NCVS tell us about the gender patterns for assaults at the hands of an intimate partner?

a. Females (multiracial) are significantly more likely to experience this

b. Almost 50% of the female assaults involved contact, sexually, physically, or stalking

c. Men are more likely to be slapped, pushed, or shoved