SOR I - Islam

5 pillars of islam

Shahada, salah, zakat, sawm, hajj

Abu Bakr

1st. (632-634 CE): First caliph after Muhammad's death; consolidated Muslim rule in Arabia.

Akhira

Belief in the Day of Judgment and life after death.
Quote: "And the Hour is coming without any doubt, and Allah will raise up all those in the graves." (Qur'an 22:7)

Ali ibn Abi Talib

(656-661 CE): Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; faced significant internal conflict and civil war.

Angels

Belief in angels as messengers of Allah.
Quote: "All praise is due to Allah, Creator of the heavens and the earth, [Who] made the angels messengers having wings, two or three or four." (Qur'an 35:1)

Books of Allah

Belief in the revealed books of Allah, including the Qur'an.
Quote: "Indeed, We sent down the Torah, in which was guidance and light." (Qur'an 5:44)

Compassion

showing kindness and empathy towards others

Consensus and Reasoning

Scholars may reach a consensus or use analogy to derive rulings.

Core Ethical Teachings

the process of jurisprudence

Eid Festivals

Celebrations marking the end of Ramadan (Eid al-Fitr) and the end of Hajj (Eid al-Adha).

Expressions of Faith/belief

5 pillars of islam, halal and haram, Justice and compassion

founder

prophet muhammad. born circa 570 CE in mecca

Golden Age of Islam

Period of cultural, economic, and scientific flourishing in the Islamic world, roughly from the 8th to the 14th centuries.

Hadith

Sayings, actions, and approvals of Prophet Muhammad, providing guidance on interpreting the Qur'an.

Hajj

pilgrimage: Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime if financially and physically able.

Halal and Haraam

Halal (Permissible) and Haraam (Forbidden)
Ethical teachings determine what is permissible (halal) and what is forbidden (haraam) in all aspects of life, including dietary laws, business practices, and social conduct.

Honesty

being truthful and sincere

Ijma

consensus: Agreement among Islamic scholars on a particular issue.

Islam origins

Began in the 7th century CE in Mecca, present-day Saudi Arabia

islamic jurisprudence

(Fiqh): Process of interpreting and applying Islamic law (Sharia) to guide Muslims towards making righteous decisions and submitting to Allah's will.

issuance of Fatwa

Formal legal opinion or decree issued by a qualified scholar or juristic body.

Jumu'ah

Congregational prayer held every Friday at noon.

Justice and Fairness

"O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm in justice, witnesses for Allah, even if it be against yourselves or parents and relatives..." (Quran 4:135).

Muhammad as the final messenger

"seal of the prophets" (Quran 33:40). Model for Muslim life due to his exemplary character, leadership, and adherence to God's commandments.

Muhammad Death

632 CE in Medina

Muhammad Hijira

Faced persecution in Mecca, migrated to Medina in 622 CE (Hijra), marking the start of the Islamic calendar.

Muhammad revelation

Received the first revelation from Allah at the age of 40 through the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira (Quran 96:1-5)

Personal Devotion and Public Expressions of Faith

salah (prayer), fasting (sawm), charity (zakat), pilgramage (hajj), recitation of qur'an

Principal Beliefs

Tawhid, Angels, books of allah, rusul, akhira, qadr

Principle Ethical Teachings

Justice and Fairness, Compassion, Honesty, Respect for parents, Prohibition of Harm, Social Responsibility

Process of islamic jurisprudence

Identification of Issues: Determining the issue needing a legal ruling.
Reference to Quran and Sunnah: Consulting primary sources for guidance.

Prohibition of Harm

"Do not kill the soul which Allah has forbidden [to be killed] except by [legal] right..." (Quran 17:33).

Qadr

Belief in predestination, that Allah has knowledge of all that will happen.
Quote: "Indeed, all things We created with predestination." (Qur'an 54:49)

Qiyas

Analogical Reasoning: Applying principles from the Quran and Sunnah to new cases.

Qur'an

The holy book of Islam, believed to be the literal word of Allah as revealed to Muhammad.

Ramadan

Observance of fasting, prayer, and reflection during the ninth month of the Islamic calendar.

Respect for parents

"And We have enjoined upon man [care] for his parents..." (Quran 31:14).

Ritual purity

Practices of cleanliness and purification, such as wudu (ablution) before prayers.

Rusul

Belief in the prophets, with Muhammad being the final prophet.
Quote: "Muhammad is not the father of [any] one of your men, but [he is] the Messenger of Allah and last of the prophets." (Qur'an 33:40)

Sacred Texts and writings

Qur'an, Hadith, Sunnah

Salah

prayer : performing the 5 daily prayers

Sawm

fasting: Abstaining from food, drink, and other physical needs from dawn to sunset during Ramadan.

Shahada

faith: Declaration of faith in the oneness of Allah and Muhammad as His prophet.

Shi'a

Emphasizes the leadership of the Imams, believed to be divinely appointed descendants of Muhammad.

Significant practices in the life of adherents

daily prayers, friday prayers (jumu'ah), ramadan, eid festivals, ritual purity

Social Responsibility

Contributing to the welfare of the community.

Sources of Islamic Law

Qur'an, Sunnah, Hadith, Ijma (consensus), Qiyas(Analogical Reasoning)

Spread of Islam

Rapid expansion during the 7th and 8th centuries through conquest and trade.

Sufism

Mystical branch focusing on the inward search for God and personal experience of the divine.

Sunnah

The practices of the Prophet Muhammad, serving as a model for living a righteous life.

Sunni

Largest branch, emphasizing the role of the community and the importance of the consensus of scholars (ijma).

Tawhid

Belief in the oneness of Allah.
Quote: "Say, 'He is Allah, [Who is] One, Allah, the Eternal Refuge.'" (Qur'an 112:1-2)

Umar ibn al-Khattab

2nd. (634-644 CE): Expanded the Islamic empire significantly; established administrative and social reforms.

Uthman ibn Affan

3rd. (644-656 CE): Compiled the Qur'an into a single book.

Variants of Islam

Sunni Muslims recognize the first four caliphs as rightful successors.

Shi'a Muslims believe Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, was the rightful successor.

Who are the 4 rightly guded caliphs

1. Abu Bakr
2. Umar ibn al-Khattab
3. Uthman ibn Affan
4. Ali ibn Abi Talib

zakat

Charity: Giving to the needy, typically 2.5% of one's savings.