Unit 11 - Orthopedics & Muscles Test Review

Abduction

Moving part away from midline

Ex: raising your arm to the side

Adduction

Moving body part towards the midline

Ex: bringing your arm down from a raised position

Appendicular

Consists of the bones of the upper limbs, pelvis, and lower limbs

Articulation

A joint

Axial

Consists of the bones of the head, spine, and rib cage

Bursa

Fluid filled sac to reduce friction

Cartilaginous

Slightly movable; contain fibrocartilage

Circumduction

Movement in a circular motion

Ex: arm circles

Cranium

The upper part of the skull that encloses and protects the brain

Diaphysis

Weight bearing compact bone, contains yellow marrow

Dorisflexion

Bending the ankle joint so toes point downward or posterior direction

Ex: bends the foot upwards at the ankle

Epiphyseal plate

Area of bone growth located between diaphysis and epiphyses (consists of chondrocytes that are replaced by bone)

Epiphyses

Are found at the end of the long bones and contains spongy bone

Eversion

Turning foot so plantar surfaces laterally (“over turn”)

Extension

Straightening of a joint to increase angle between 2 bones

Ex: straightening the knee

Flexion

A movement that decreases the angle between 2 bones

Ex: bending elbow

Inversion

Turning foot so plantar surface faces medially

Joints

Where 2 bones connect together

Ligaments

Strong connective tissue (“like to like”) that holds bones together

Medullary cavity

Hollow area within diaphysis contains yellow marrow

Meniscus

Disc of the connective tissue between bones (“crescent”)

Orthopedics

The medical specialty PTT diagnosis, correction and treatment of musculoskeletal diseases and deformities

Osseous

Connective tissue

Ossification

Process of replaces cartilage with bone

Osteoblast

Bone forming cell

Osteoclast

Specialized bone cells that break down bone to release calcium

Osteocytes

Specialized bone cells that build bones

Periosteum

A thick, fibrous membrane

Plantar flexión

Moment that occurs when a gymnast points her toes

Ex: pointing toes

Pronation

Rotating forearm posteriorly so palm faces down

Rotation

Rotating forearm posteriorly so palm faces down

Medial: rotates towards midline ex: heart is medial to the shoulder

Lateral: rotates away from midline ex: arms are lateral to the chest

Supination

Foot movement where the foot rolls outward instead of inward when walking

Ex : palms upward

Suture

Provide protection

Synovial

Fully movable; articular (hyaline) cartilage on ends of bones

What are the functions of the skeletal system

Support, movement, protection, blood production, mineral storage, detoxification

What are the components of the skeletal system

Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

Axial skeleton

Head, spine, and ribcage

Appendicular skeleton

Upper limbs, pelvis, and lower limbs

Diaphysis

Create fat cells

Epiphyses

Create blood cells (contain spongy bone)

Compact bone

Provides great strength and support

Spongy bone

Cross branching, reduce weight, support and protect marrow

Epiphyseal plates

Participates in bone growth and repair

Medullary cavity

Hollow area within diaphysis contains yellow marrow

Red bone marrow

Produce red blood cells

Yellow bone marrow

Stores fat

Bone growth: Genes

Size and shape; overall height

Bone growth: nutrition

Calcium/phosphorus needed in diet to build bones

Bone growth: exercise

Increasing bone density and mass

Bone growth: mineral deposition

Calcium and phosphorus taken from blood and stored in bone

Bone growth: mineral resorption

Calcium and phosphorus released from bone into the blood stream; occurs when blood levels are low

Bone growth! Vitamins

Vitamin A activates osteoblasts

Vitamin C needed for collagen synthesis

Vitamin D needed for calcium and phosphorus

Bone growth: hormones

Growth hormone stimulates Epiphyseal plate to calcify; estrogen and testosterone accelerate bone growth during puberty and maintain bone density

Bone growth step 1: ossification

Process of replacing cartilage with bone

Bone growth step 2: Epiphyseal plate

Area of bone growth

Bone growth step 3: osteocytes

Specialized bone cells → maintain/monitor mineral content

Bone growth step 4:

Specialized bone cells → break down bone to release calcium

Tendons

Strong connective tissue: muscle that is attached to a bone by tendon

Fibrous/sucture

Immovable: no cartilage sutures of the skull; cranial bones fuse together

Cartilaginous/ symphysis

Slightly immovable; bones connected by a pad of fibrocartilage

Synovial

Fully movable; articular cartilage on ends of bones

Frontal

Bone that is located in the forehead region

Parietal

Bones that is located in the forehead region

Temporal

Bones that from the bulging sides and part of the base of the cranium

Occipital

Bone that forms the back and part of the base of the cranium

Ethmoid

Bone that forms the back and part of the base of the cranium

Sphenoid

Wedge-shaped bone that forms part of the base of the cranium

Lacrimal

Pertaining to tears

Nasal

Pertaining to the nose

Zhgomatic

Bone that forms the prominence of the check

Maxillary

Upper jawbone, containing right and left maxillary sinuses

Mandible

Lower jawbone

Palatine

Bone that forms the hard palate and parts of the nose and orbits

Vomer

Lower nasal septum

Hyoid

A small u shaped (horse shaped) solitary bone situated in the midline of the neck

Vertebrae

One of the bones of the spinal column

Atlas

The top-most bone, sitting just below the skull; it is followed by the axis

Axis

Second vertebrae in the cervical spine, crucial for head rotation

Cervical

Pertaining to the neck region

Thoracic

Pertaining to the chest (thorax)

Lumbar

Relating to the region in the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis

Sacrum

Segment of the vertebral column that forms part of the pelvis

Coccyx

Small tailbone at the lowest and the vertebral column

Sternum

A flat elongated bone located in the center of the anterior chest wall

Manubrium

The broad portion of the sternum

xiphoid

Small, cartilaginous extension at the bottom of the sternum (breastbone)

Costal

A long, curved bone that forms part of the thoracic cage

Cartilage

Non vascular, firm connective tissue found mostly in joints

Ribs

Curved flattened bones

Costochondral

The point where a rib connects to its costal cartilage

Clavicle

Curved bone that forms the anterior part of the pectoral girdle

Scapula

Shoulder blade

Humerus

Single bone of the upper arm

Ulna

The medial and larger bone of the forearm

Radius

The forearm bone in the thumb side

Carpals

Pertaining to the wrist

Metacarpals

The five bones between the carpus and the fingers

Phalanges (phalanx)

A bone of a finger or toe

Ilium

Large wing shaped bone at the upper and posterior part of the pelvis