HBS 2.1.5-2.1.7

acteylocholine

involved in muscle contraction, learning, and memory

dopamine

plays a role in pleasure, motivation, mood, attention, memory and movement

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS

what is GABA essential for

signal regulation and normal brain function

glutamate

the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

where is glutamate present in

more than 90 percent of all brain synapses

epinephrine and norepinephrine

excitatory neirotransmitters that play a role in the fight-or-flight response

what does the flight or flight response do

increases the arousal and attention

serotonin

involved in regulation of mood and sleep

-also aids in digestion

agonist

a drug that activates a receptor by binding to it

• mimicking the effect of a natural neurotransmitter and increasing the neurons response

antagonist

a drug that blocks a receptor so the natural neurotransmitter cannot bind

• preventing or reducing the neurons response

inverse agonist

a drug that binds to the same receptor as an agonist but produces the opposite effect

• lowering the receptors normal activity

reputke inhibitor

a drug that blocks the transporter proteins that normally remove neurotransmitters front he synapse

• causing the signal to last longer

how does the agonist work in the synapse

binds to a receptor on the postsynaptic neuron and activates it

-increases effect of neurotransmitter

how does an antagonist work in the synapse

binds to a receptor but does not activate it

-blocking the neurotransmitter from attaching and reduces signal

how does an inverse agonist work int he synapse

binds to the same receptor as an agonist but cases the opposite effect

-decreeing receptors normal activity

how does an reuptake inhibitor work in the synapse

blocks transporter proteins that normally remove neurotransmitters from the synapse

• making the signal last longer

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

acts as a inverse agonist

what does Diphenhydramine do

blocks and reverses activity at histamine- receptors

reducing alterness and allergy symptoms

morphine

acts as a agonist

what does morphine do

activates opioid receptors

increasing pain relief signals and reducing pain perception

caffeine

antagonist

what does caffeine do

blocks adenosine receptors

preventing drowsiness signals and increasing alerterness

cocaine

reuptake inhibitor

what does cocaine do

prevents dopamine from being taken back into the presynaptic neuron

intensifying and prolonging signalin

reflex

an automatic response to a stimulus that doesn’t reach level of consicousness

reaction

a thoughtful response external stimuli in which the brain processes the nerve impulse before reacting

reflex nervous system

automatic, involuntary response to stimulus

travel of reflex

through reflex arc - does not require the Brian first which makes it faster

reaction nervous system

voluntary, conscious response

travel of reaction

signal goes to the brain for processing then back to muscles

what happens to relfexes as you age

may become slower or weaker

caused by loss of neurons, less sensitive receptor, changes in muscle tissue

reflex arc pathway

receptor → sensory neuron → spinal cord → motor neuron → muscle.

what part of the brain is involved in thinking and slower responses

the prefrontal cortex

what is the reflex arc

the neural pathway that controls a relfex action

what initiates the patellar reflex

a tap on the patellar tendon

what happens to the quadriceps muscle when the patellar tendon is tapped

it stretched sightly activating stretch receptors

what do stretch receptors do in the reflex arc

they detect muscle stretch and trigger a nerve impulse

where does the nerve impulse travel after the stretch receptors is activated

to the spinal cord

what neurons carry signal from the spinal cord to the muscle

motor neurons

what is the final response of the patellar reflex

the quadriceps muscle contracts causing the leg to kick