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Jean Jaures
a. Socialist leader b. France c. French revisionist socialist who repudiated revisionist doctrines to achieve a unified socialist state. He opposed French entry into World War I and was assassinated.
Austro-Prussian War
a. war b. Austria c. This was also known as the Seven Weeks' War. It was over control of the German Confederation. Prussia won, and created the North German Confederation, of which Austria was not a part. Additionally, Italy received Venetia.
Franco-Prussian War
a. war b. France c. This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia.
Schlieffen Plan
a. plan b. Germany c. This was an attack plan by the Germans, proposed by General Alfred von Schlieffen. It emphasized a lightning quick to invade Belgium and then attack France. The goal was to knock out France before Germany had to face the Russians.
First Battle of the Marne
a. battle b. France c. This was an early World War I battle in which French forces stopped a German advance near Paris. The Germans did not capture Paris during World War I.
Winston Churchill
a. politician b. United Kingdom c. He was a noted British statesman who at first failed miserably in World War I when he called for the Brits to attack the Ottoman Empire to open a third front in World War I. He served as prime minister in World War II, and with President Roosevelt he planned many allied campaigns.
Battle of Gallipoli
a. battle b. Turkey c. Also known as the Gallipoli campaign, it took place at the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey from April-January 1915-1916. It was a joint British and French operation meant to capture the capital city Constantinople and to secure a sea route to Russia. This Allied attack failed and caused nearly half a million casualties.
Battle of Verdun
a. battle b. France c. This was the longest battle of World War I. It ended in stalemate, with both sides suffering hundreds of thousands of casualties.
General Philippe Petain
a. military general b. France c. He was a general in the French army and was placed in charge of the defense of Verdun by General Joffre, where he was largely successful and earned acclaim for his policy of artillery-based defense backed by expert organization of supplies and manpower. However, once he was promoted, he suggested withdrawal and was taken out of control.
Battle of the Somme
a. battle b. France c. This was a World War I battle between German and British forces. Ending in a stalemate, the bitter three-month conflict is notable for the high number of casualties and the first use of tanks in warfare.
Battle of Passchendaele
a. battle b. Belgium c. This was one of the worst slaughters of World War I. During the summer and fall of 1917, Allied troops fought through endless rains across fields of deep mud, to capture this small town in Belgium.
Zimmerman Telegram
a. telegram b. Germany c. This was a telegram sent from the German Foreign Secretary, and addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Germany proposed that Mexico attack the United States. In return, Germany would give back Texas, New Mexico, and other territories to Mexico.
Lusitania
a. ship b. United Kingdom c. This was a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.
Prince Max von Baden
a. chancellor b. Germany c. He was the chancellor of Germany during the final months of World War I. As Kaiser Wilhelm II lost control of the country, Prince Max temporarily assumed leadership and played a major role in arranging the armistice to end World War I.
Woodrow Wilson
a. president b. United States c. This president of the United States ran in 1916 under the slogan "He Kept Us Out of War." The next year, he led the United States into World War I. At the end of the war, he released his "Fourteen Points" and pushed for the United States to join the League of Nations, but he failed.
"Fourteen Points"
a. proposals b. United States c. This was a series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I. Many critics thought these points were too idealistic.
Propaganda
a. type of information b. worldwide c. This is a type of information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view. It was used heavily during World War I and II to influence people.
Spanish Influenza
a. epidemic b. worldwide c. This epidemic of 1918 was the most serious epidemic in U.S. history; it infected 20 million Americans, causing more than half a million deaths in the United States and an estimated 30 million fatalities around the world. Many thought that this epidemic was God's punishment for World War I.
Treaty of Versailles
a. Treaty b. Versailles, France c. This treaty was imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I. It demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans.
Georges Clemenceau
a. president b. France c. He was a French statesman who played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles. He sought to punish Germany for its role in World War I.
David Lloyd George
a. prime minister b. United Kingdom c. He was Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I. He pushed for a revenge-based treaty at Versailles, hampering Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points."
Article 231
a. clause b. Versailles, France c. This was the "war-guilt clause" in the Treaty of Versailles that placed total responsibility for World War I on Germany. Germany did not want to sign the Treaty due to this article, but the Allied Powers threatened the invasion of Germany.
Alsace-Lorraine
a. territory b. France c. This territory was taken by Germany from France as a rest of the Franco Prussian War. It was later returned to France as a result of German defeat in WWI.
Nicholas II
a. czar b. Russia c. He was the last tsar of Russia. He went to the frontlines of WWI to try to rally the troops, but was forced to abdicate in 1917.
Gregory Rasputin
a. charlatan b. Russia c. A self proclaimed holy man who hurt the reputation of the royal family. The Tsarina believed he was close to God and could cure Alexei, the Tsarevich, of hemophilia. He was murdered in 1916.
Duma
a. parliament b. Russia c. This was the elected parliament of Russia. It was a rubber-stamp Parliament that essentially carried out the will of the czar, Nicholas II.
Menshevik and Socialist Revolutionaries
a. political group b. Russia c. This was a Right-wing or moderate Marxists willing to cooperate with the bourgeoisie. They were eventually overpowered and expelled by the Bolsheviks.
Bolshevik
a. political party b. Russia c. This was a group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917. They brought about the first successful Communist revolution in history.
Vladimir Lenin
a. political leader b. Russia c. He was the leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War that followed.
Leon Trotsky
a. Revolutionary b. Russia c. He was a Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin in the Bolshevik Revolution. He led the Red Army during the Russian Civil War.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
a. treaty b. Russia c. This was a treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in World War I.
German Weimar Republic
a. republic b. Germany c. The name of Germany's fledgling post-WWI democracy. Named for the seat of government, it was beset by social and economic problems and ended with the election of Hitler.
Friedrich Ebert
a. political leader b. Germany c. He was head of German Social Democratic Party. He announced the creation of a democratic republic for Germany
Karl Leibknecht
a. Communist revolutionary b. Germany c. He helped to found the Spartacist League and was its co-leader during the uprising. He was murdered in 1919.
Rosa Luxemburg
a. Communist revolutionary b. Germany c. She was a Polish-Jewish socialist who worked with V.I. Lenin and led the Spartacist League. She was murdered in 1919 by right-wing nationalists after a communist uprising in Berlin.
"Free Corps"
a. paramilitary group b. Germany c. This was a right-wing paramilitary groups in Germany composed of demilitarized solders following WWI. They failed to overthrow the Weimar Republic.
Kapp Putsch
a. failed coup b. Germany c. This was a failed right-wing coup of the Weimar Republic. A left-wing general strike helped to bring down this coup.
Gustav Stresemann
a. Foreign minister b. Germany c. He was the German Foreign Minister who assumed leadership of government. He was able to get the French to move out of the Ruhr.
Lucarno Agreement
a. agreement b. France c. This was an agreement between Germany and France, in which Germany agreed to accept the redrawn borders between it and France, including French control of Alsace-Lorraine. The French agreed to pull their troops from the Rhineland.
League of Nations
a. organization b. Geneva, Switzerland c. This was an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations. It failed to stop the outbreak of World War II.
Russian Civil War
a. civil war b. Russia c. This was when "white" anticommunists fought the "red" communists to decide how Russia would be governed. The red communists won the war.
Third International (Communist)
a. political organization b. Russia c. This was a political organization of communist and left-leaning political activists. It was formed after the Bolshevik Revolution and was dominated by the Bolsheviks.
New Economic Policy
a. policy b. Soviet Russia c. This was a policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private business and farming using markets instead of communist state ownership. His idea was that the Soviet state would just control "the commanding heights" of the economy like major industry, while allowing ordinary citizens to operate business and property ownership as normal. Joseph Stalin ended this in 1928 and replaced it with greater state ownership, collectivization, and a series of Five-Year Plans.
"Left Opposition"
a. political group b. Russia c. This was Trotsky's political group. They argued that it was necessary to focus on the spread of revolution to the industrialized nations of Western Europe. He believed that Communism couldn't survive unless it spread
Nikolai Bukharnin and "Right Opposition"
a. political group b. Russia c. This was Nikolai Bukharnin's political group. They believed communism needed to be perfected in Russia before it was exported to Western Europe.
Joseph Stalin
a. dictator b. Soviet Union c. He was, at first, a Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924. He was the dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition
"Five Year Plan"
a. economic plan b. Russia c. This was Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. The Soviets tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but the plan resulted in famine
Collectivization
a. system b. Soviet Russia c. This was a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government. This system was first used on a grand scale by Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin.
Kulaks
a. term b. Soviet Russia c. These were "rich peasants" in the Soviet Union who owned larger farms and used hired labor. Stalin used them as scapegoats for Soviet Russia's economic problems.
The Great Depression
a. economic depression b. worldwide c. This was the the economic crisis that began with the stock market crash in 1929 and continued through the 1930s. It led to the growth of fascism in Europe.
John Maynard Keynes
a. economist b. United Kingdom c. He was an economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment, especially during economic downturns. He had an incredible influence over government economic policies in the twentieth century.
Franklin Roosevelt
a. president b. United States c. He was President of the US during the Great Depression and World War II. He led the U.S. to victory in World War II.
New Deal
a. reforms b. United States c. These were a series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942. The goal of these reforms was to end the Great Depression.
Fascism
a. political system b. worldwide c. This is a a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition. It was first developed in Italy by Benito Mussolini.
Il duce
a. title b. Italy c. This was the title of Benito Mussolini. He was the first fascist dictator of Italy.
Fuhrer
a. title b. Germany c. This was Adolf Hitler's title as chancellor and head of state in Germany. The title reflected Hitler's absolute power over Germany.
Corporatism
a. economic method b. Italy c. This was a method of co-optation whereby authoritarian systems create or sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public and restrict those not set up or approved by the state. It was first used in Italy by Mussolini.
Antisemitism
a. prejudice b. worldwide c. This is the hostility to or prejudice against Jews. It was exploited by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party during World War II, and led to the Holocaust.
Benito Mussolini
a. dictator b. Italy c. He was the Fascist dictator of Italy. He came to power due to the March on Rome in 1922. He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy and executed in the final year of World War II.
Lateran Pact
a. agreement b. Rome, Italy c. This was an agreement regulating relations between Italy and the Vatican regarding the sovereignty of the pope. In this agreement, the Vatican first recognized Italy as a country.
Paul von Hindenburg
a. president b. Germany c. He was the president of the Weimar Republic of Germany. He appointed Hitler as Chancellor in 1933
Heinrich Bruning
a. chancellor b. Germany c. He was the German chancellor during the Weimar Republic who convinced the president to accept rule by decree. This later served as an inspiration for Hitler.
Adolf Hitler
a. dictator b. Germany c. He was an Austrian-born dictator of Germany. He implement fascism in Germany and caused WWII and the Holocoust.
Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party
a. political party b. Germany c. This is the full name of the Nazi Party. Hitler led this party to prominence in Germany prior to World War II with an ideology based on Aryan racial supremacy and anti-Semitism.
Beer Hall Putsch
a. failed coup b. Munich, Germany c. In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence during which time he wrote Mein Kampf.
Mein Kampf
a. book b. Germany c. Known as 'My Struggle,' this book was written by Adolf Hitler. In this book, Hitler described his life and his ideology of "Lebensraum."
Enabling Act
a. law b. Germany c. This law enabled Hitler to get rid of the Reichstag parliament . It also allowed him to pass laws without Parliament's consent.
"Night of the Long Knives"
a. purge b. Germany c. This was a purge in which Adolf Hitler had the S.A. leader Ernst Rohm executed. It brought about Hitler's mastery over the Nazi Party.
Joseph Goebbels
a. propaganda minister b. Germany c. He was the chief minister of the Nazi propaganda. Propaganda played a prominent role in the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany.
Hitler Youth
a. organization b. Germany c. This was an organization in which Germany's young men and women who joined the Nazi political party and pledged their allegiance to Germany and Adolf Hitler. This organization "brainwashed" the children and convinced them of German superiority.
Labour Party of Britain
a. political party b. United Kingdom c. This was a "socialist" party in England formed by the liberals and the labor unions. They shaped the more liberal reforms in England, but were nothing close to being socialist.
Liberal Party of Britain
a. political party b. Britain c. In 19th century Britain, the Whig Party evolved/morphed into what new party that promoted economic and political freedoms. This party was led by people like William Gladstone, a four time Prime minister between 1860 and 1890 and champion of reforms. Between 1906 and 1914 they implemented national health insurance, unemployment benefits and pensions.
"Popular Front"
a. political alliance b. France c. This was an alliance between the Communists, the Socialists, and the Radicals formed for the May 1936 French elections. It was largely successful, increasing the Communists in parliament from 10 to 72, and the Socials up to 146, making them the largest party in France.
Leon Blum
a. political leader b. France c. He was the leader of the French socialist party the Popular Front. He made the first and real attempt to deal with the economic and social problems
The Spanish Civil War
a. civil war b. Spain c. This started in 1936 following a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.
Matignon Agreement
a. agreement b. France c. This agreement in France, allowed workers to collectively bargain with employers. it reduced the workweek to forty hours and granted fully paid vacations.
General Francisco Franco
a. general b. Spain c. In 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. Franco led the Fascists, fighting republican forces. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). Franco ruled until his death in 1975.
Guernica
a. town b. Spain c. This was a Spanish town that was brutally bombed by the German Luftwaffe during the Spanish Civil War. The town was full of innocent civilians. Picasso painted a famous painting capturing Guernica
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