Period 4 (1800-1850): Key concepts and vocab

Election of 1800

• Thomas Jefferson would win.

• signified the first peaceful transition of power

12th Ammendment

allowed electors to vote for a party ticket (P and VP)

Midnight Appointments

• Adams filled as many federal offices with Federalists as possible

• Jefferson would weed them out eventually

Marbury vs Madison

• Marbury was denied his job, and couldn’t get it back from Madison

• Established the precedent of JUDICIAL REVIEW

• Marbury had the right to his job, but the court wouldn’t give him his job back.

Judicial Review

to approve the constitutionality of laws or actions

Louisiana Purchase

• Spain had given New Orleans to the French, which could’ve restricted US trade on the Mississippi River

• Jefferson sent Monroe to aquire the city for 2 million, rather the French offered the whole territory for 15 million, due to French conflicts at home.

Results of Louisiana Purchase

• went against Jefferson’s morals of strict interpretation

• Northerners feared new territories would be more democratic and would succeed from US

• Democrats dislike because it was a violation of the parties beliefs

Lewis and Clark

explored the Louisiana territory, increased the American sentiment to expand westward

Causes to War of 1812

• France and Britain in new international conflict

• stalemate resulted in both blockading each others trade ports, not good for US

• British began impressing our merchants into their Navy

• British attacked our ship in our waters

• Jefferson was unable to do anything, so responded with a boycott on Britain

Embargo Act of 1807

• shut down all American imports and exports

• bad for the economy

Non-intercourse Act

• re-opened trade, except with the British and French

• New Englanders affected the most, because they relied on international commerce

Macon’s Bill #2

• re-opened trade with Britain and France

• if on pledged to stop harrassing US ships, they would exclusively trade with the nation

• really pissed off the British

• created a Pro-War sentiment in US

War Hawks

• southern and western congressmen who wanted to declare war on Great Britain and take Canada from them

• Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun

Native American in the War of 1812

• aligned with and armed by British

• Tecumseh and Prophet united tribes to fight against US, revived Native culture

• fell apart after they were killed

Battle of Tippecanoe

discovered British were arming Natives

US during the War of 1812

• didn’t win much, lost the capitol and white house burned down

• after Great Britain and French war ended, GB sued for peace.

Battle of New Orleans

General Andrew jackson won the battle after the treaty was signed, winning the only major victory of the war

Hartford Convention

• Federalists oppossed, for a massive overhaul of The Consitution to stay in power

• Marked the death of the Federalist Party

Results of War of 1812

• end of Native Americans ability to stop American expansion

• economy is less reliant on Britain

• Andrew Jackson national hero (popularity)

• National Euphoria over New Orleans

• Destroyed Federalist Party

• Manufacturing has developed a lot in the Northeast.

American System

• by Henry Clay

• recharted the National Bank

• protective tariffs on imports, to protect American industries

• improvements on interstate infrastructure

Era of Good Feelings

period in the political history of the United States that reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans in the aftermath of the War of 1812.

Monroe’s presidency

McCulloch vs Maryland

• states couldn’t tax national bank

• national law over state law

• reaffirmed the Supremacy Clause

• Constitution is the law of the land

Panic of 1819

• economic growth, inflation, and land speculation through economy out the window

• numerous mortgage foreclosures and business failure in the west

• no major political opposition emerged

Adams-Onis Treaty

in exchange for Florida, US would never attack the Spanish colony of Mexico

Monroe Doctrine

• If Europe stayed out of the western hemisphere, we stayed out of European conflicts. We would intervene in America’s conflicts if they encroached. No more colonization in the Western Hemisphere

• Many Latin American countries were gaining their independence

• Europe was too weak to do anything after the Napoleonic wars

• Established US neutrality

Missouri Compromise

• admitted Missouri as a slave state

• created Maine as a free state

• No state above 36º30’, besides Missouri, could be a slave state

• Precurser to the Civil War

Congressional Caucus System

• congressmen chose who would be nominated instead of the people

• Jackson deemed it was undemocratic and would be abolished

Corrupt Bargain

• no one would win the election

• Jackson had won the popular vote

• Clay decided that Adams would win, who gave clay the position of secretary of state

Jacksons success

• put together support network to achive victory

• founded todays Democratic Party

• viscous debates between Jackson and Adams supporters

Coffin Handbill

pamplets accusing Jackson of murdering enlisted men during Indian Wars

Spoils System

• trading jobs for political favors

• Jackson dismissed many government officials and replaced them with his own

• incumbent officials and public didn’t like

Universal White Manhood Suffrage

all white men could vote, regardless of owning property or not

Jacksonisn Democrats

• challenge congress and supreme court

• saw themselves as champions of liberty

Indian Removal Act

• originally Natives were asked to assimilate into US society, and they did.

• act forced Natives that didn’t assimilate to the Indian territory in Oklahoma

• Cherokee Nation, a civilized tribe, was forced off their land after the Supreme Court defended them, Georgians and Jackson wanted them gone

• Many died on the Trial of Tears

• Seminoles fought a war to stay and won

Tariff of Abominations

• extremely high tariff passed under Adams

• Southern States didn’t like, threatened to nullify, notably John C. Calhoun

• led to the Nullification Crisis and threats of secession

Force Bill

Jackson disliked the nullification, thought it endangered the Union, so threatened to send troops to enforce the tariff

Compromise Tariff of 1833

Clay and Calhoun compromised in support of lowering the tariff, strengthening nullification

Jackson and Reform

fought with reform movements

Jackson Economy

• vetoed national bank

• depositte federal funds in pet banks, which all failed

• preferred hard currency over paper money

• Specie Cicular: ended policy of selling land on credit

Panic of 1837

result of Specie Circular, had the policy ended final days of his presidency

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

• slaves revolted, mutilating 60 whites

• result of a growing abolition movement

• created fear across the South

Slave Codes

result of the rebellion, specific laws on what blacks couldn’t do

Whig Party

• oppositiion to Democrats

• government activism in social issues

• religious and pro-temprance

Martin Van-Buren

• went in during the Panic of 1837

• worsened the depression

• didn’t get relected

John Tyler

• champion of States Rights

• was a Whig that supported the Democrats

Economic Consequences

• led to the Civil War

• determined sectionalist characteristics

• social developments

Market Economy

• people trade goods and services for cash

• preferred specialization

• farmers became dependent on production

Eli Whitney

inventor that created various inventions

Cotton Gin (1793)

• machine made it easier to remove cotton seeds from cotton plant

• demand for cotton grows

• revolutionized slavery in the South, steel plow and reaper

Interchangeable Parts

• materials were originally custom made

• costly and inefficient, time consuming

• invention fixed this

Machine-Tool Industry

produced specialized machines for textiles and transportation

Assembly-line Production

shorter time, same product

Power-loom

created fabric and thread in the factory, instead fo having in woven by hand

Samuel Slater

father of the factory system

Lowell System

entice women to work in factories, lasted until waves of Irish Immigration

Labor Unions

result of deteriorating factory conditions, violent backlash from industry

Comercial system

• Clothing manufactuers => brokers => retailers

• commercial banks loaned money to them

• grew transportation industry

National Road

made travel east to west easier

Erie Canal

• linked Great Lakes to european shipping routes

• Northeast center of commerce

• needed to built bigger because it was so popular

• canal era died in 1850 due to railroads

Steamships

• faster than sail boats

• major for shipping

Railroads (1830)

• only connected 2 cities together

• gauges were different so development was slow at first

• developed more in the North than South

Telegraph

• immediate long distance communication for the first time

• morse code

Agriculture

• 1820: 1/3 of product went to market

• 1850: 2/3 went to market

• Northeastern: not good, went to self-sustainable (non cash crop) or factories

• Midwest: grains for the entire country, good until economic panics, banks funded operations

• South: cotton, majority owned small farms with no slaves, (1/4 of the population owned slaves), expands a lot

Manifest Destiny

• god given right to the western territories

• dangerous, hostile environment, Natives and Mexican in the West

Texas

• Mexican independence 1821

• created liberal land policy to attract Americans

• they brought slaves, and broke every rule

• Battle of Alama => republic of texas

• not annexed until 1845

Oregon Territory

• lots settled there during the Gold Rush

• disputed between British, signed treaty to resolve

California

• 1840’s Gold Rush

• many flocked to the region

• hospitable for major development

North

• industrialized

• commerical center

• less farming

• slavery became outlawed

South

• agriculture

• tobacco and cotton, lots of land

• constantly looking for more land

• protect institution of slavery

• expand slave states

• don’t like North

West (Midwest)

• commerciall farming, fur, real-estate speculation

• didn’t like the South

• avoided slavery issue

• Western expansion was biggest issue

Cities in North

• lack of government oversee on expansion

• extremely dirty, polluted, and disease ridden

• more people came to work in factories

• city services and labor unions

Northern Distribution of Wealth

• few powerful and wealthy

• Middle Class: tradesmen, brokers, other professionals

  • women in house instead of factory

  • younger women in factories

• Working class: men in factories, women at home, brink of poverty

• Poverty: recent immigrants

Cult of Domesticity

men worked in factories and offices, while women stayed at home

1840-1850 immigration

• Germans who went to the west, and Irish who went to Northern cities

Nativism

• hostility for competition for low paying jobs

• frequently resulted in violence

• Know-Nothing Party

Aristocracy System

• wealthiest slave holders controlled the political and economic scene in the South (small number of people)

• Yeoman: Irish or Scottish that farmed on unsuitable land, owned few slaves and a small plot

• Landless White people: hired themselves out

• Free Blacks: 250,000 in the South, hired labor on farms

Southern Paternalism

• perception of Black’s as childlike and unable to take care of themselves, and white people needed to take care of them

• Blacks used this to reinforce relation with owner

Slave Conditions

• overcrowded

• unsanitary

• long hours

• difficult and tedious labor

• slave importations banned in 1808, so owners needed to keep slaves healthy

Blacks and Church

unique culture between christianity and own, was a way for them to revolt in a small way and escape slavery

Frontier Western Population

• made up of fur-traders, cattle ranchers, and miners

• hostile environment

• more opportunities than North and South

Second Great Awakening

• religious revival among Methodists and Baptists

• Enlightenment declined church attendance

• Charles Finney: toured rural regions to spread religious beliefs

• inspiration for other social movements

Temperance Movement

• women in upper and middle class

• aimed to limit or ban alcohol consumption

• protestant reformers vs Irish/German catholics

Dorothea Dix

• created asylums, penitentiaries, and orphanages

• society responsible for the less fortunate

Shakers

• churches too interested in world and not afterlives

• isolated and practiced celibacy

• near equal rights for woman

• utopian society along with New Harmony and Oneida Community

Transcendentalists

• brook farm

• nonconformist writers who drew from European romanticism

• believed in a perfect society

• Nathenial Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau

Henry David Throeua

• two years living in cabin => Walden

• refused to pay taxes because of Mexican-American War and Fugitive Slave Codes

Mormons

• practices weren’t accepted into society

• Brigham Young took the mormons to Utah

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• women’s rights activist

• sponsored Seneca Falls Convention

Seneca Fall’s Convention

• first women’s rights convention ever in US

• created the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments of Women

Susan B. Anthony

• women’s rights activist

• National Women’s Suffrage Association

Horace Mann

educaiton reformer, established training for teachers

Aboliton vs Temperance

• extreme and popular post Civil War

• more common and didn’t last

American Colonization Society

send African American slaves back to Africa (1816)

Abolition

• Second Great Awakening made people see slavery as evil

• Moderates wanted a slow and gradual emanciaption

• Immediatists wanted an end to it now

William Lloyd Garrison

• created popular abolition newspaper: The Liberator

• created American Antislavery Society

Gag Rule on Slavery

• talks about slavery were getting too heated in congress

• suspended all discussion of slavery in congress

• convinced North to join abolition

Fredrick Douglass

• escaped slave

• accreditted writer who published documents in support of abolition

Harriet Tubman

escaped slave who helped other slaves escape from the South, ran the underground railroad

Sojourner Truth

abolitionist and activist for African-American civil rights, women's rights, and alcohol temperance. (is a women). prominent speaker.