Unit 1 and 2 AP Psych by Mr Sinn youtube vids

Wilhelm Wundt

Father of psychology

Created first psych lab in 19th century

Set psych apart from philosophy

Taught Edward Titchner

Edward Titchener

Student of Wilhem Wundt

Created Structuralism

Dorthea Dix

Highlighted the unfair and inhumane treatment of mentally ill people

Structuralism

looks at the minds different structures of consciousness through individual parts

uses introspection

introspection

examination of one's own thoughts and feelings

Stanley Hall

First American to earn a PH.D in psychology

First president of the American Psychological Association

Opened the first psych lab in the US

Gestalt Psychology

Believes we cannot simply separate our conscious and perception into different parts, we need to look at it as a whole

William James

Wrote the first psychology textbook

Created Functionalism

Made it possible for more women to enter the field

Taught Mary Whiton Calkins

Rabbi Bens Chart for Early Beginnings of Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt - First Lab

Edward Titchener - Structuralism

William James - Functionalism

Functionalism

Seeks to understand how mental and behavioral processes operate

Evolutionary Approach

Looks at how our different traits are adaptations that have come from natural selection

natural selection

the traits that are superior in helping an organism survive will be passed on to succeeding generations, while traits that are no longer useful will die off

Charles Darwin

Argued that our behaviors and bodies were shaped through natural selection

theory of evolution

nature vs nurture

Mary Whiton Calkins

Taught by William James

Major contributions in memory research

First women president of the American Psychological Association

Margaret Floy Washburn

First female psychology PhD

Second female president of the American Psychological Association

Sigmund Freud

Developed the Psychodynamic or Psychoanalytic approach of psychology

Found peoples personalities are based on their motives

Psychodynamic or Psychoanalytic

Sigmund Freud

Focuses on the unconscious

Found peoples personalities are based on their unconscious motives

Accessed repressed memories

Used Free Association

led to behaviorism

free association

Used in Psychodynamic

When a word or image triggers another idea, word, or picture inside our head

Behaviorism

John B Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B F Skinner

Came from Psychoanalytical/psychodynamic

Criticized psychodynamic for it seeks to study that can not be objectively studied.

Believes that psychology should be an objective science that focuses on studying observable behaviors without referencing the mental processes

Can be split into two approaches, reflexes or classical, and behaviors or operant

Ivan Pavlov

Behaviorism

Pavlovs Dogs

Reflex/Classical Conditioning

B F Skinner

Behaviorism

focused on behaviors/operant conditioning

John B Watson

founder of behaviorism

Sociocultural Approach

Analyzes a person's experiences and influences in life to better understand how culture shapes us as individuals

Humanistic

Emphasizes our potential as humans to grow as individuals

led by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

criticized behaviorism for having a too limiting scope

focuses on free will, growth, and development

FREE WILL and A PERSONS DESIRE TO MOVE TOWARDS SELF ACTUALIZATION

Rabbi Bens chart of early approaches

Psychodynamic - Sigmund Freud

Behaviorism - Ivan Pavlov, B F Skinner, John B Watson

Humanistic - Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Cognitive Approach

Focuses on how we as individuals interpret, process, and remember information

Inner thinking and thoughts

Jean Piaget

Biological Approach

Seeks to understand the links between our biological and psychological processes

basically how our mental stuff is influenced by our nervous system

biosocial approach

Looks at how our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors impact our health

Subfields of Psychology (basic/research)

Biological - seek to better understand the connections between the body and mind

Developmental - Focus on understanding people's physical, cognitive, and social change throughout their lifespan

Cognitive - Focus on experiments that look at how we think, solve problems, and perceive the world around us

Educational - Interested in understanding the influences on teaching and learning

Personality - Focus on studying individuals feelings, actions, and overall characteristics

Social - Analyze the different ways individuals impact one another in society

Positive - Focus on individuals and societal well being

Psychometric - Try to better measure individuals attitudes, personality traits, and abilities needed to work in a specific field

Subfields of Psychology

(applied/practical)

Industrial Organizational - The application of different psychological concepts in the workplace that seek to try and optimize human behavior

Counseling - help people to overcome and cope with different life challenges and crises

Clinical - Help treat people with psychological disorders focusing on their emotional and behavioral disorders

Psychiatrists - Provide psychotherapy and are medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and treat psychological disorders

Hypothesis

a testable prediction that is made before any research has been completed (Often based on a theory)

Theory

A statement that is supported by data from research that has been completed and explains a question, thought, or phenomena

operational definition

a description of procedures, actions, and processes used in a study

allows people to reproduce the experiment

survey

a method of collecting self reported data on participants opinions, thoughts, and experiences

wording effect

A situation in which the way in which the questions in a study are worded can influence a participants responses to the questions

random sampling

a process for randomly selecting a sample from a population in which each individual in a population has an equal chance of being selected

stratified sampling

the process of dividing a population into various subgroups that represent each group in a population

representative sample

a sample group in a study that represents all the different people in the population and participants were selected for the study in an unbiased way

sampling bias

when the sample that is representing the population in a study does not represent the entire population (when the sample group is flawed)

case study

an in depth investigation of a single individual, group, or event

expensive and time costly

individuals may act differently (hawthorne effect)

does not explain behavior, only describes it

Hawthorne effect

when the subject of a study alters their behavior due to them being observed

correlational studies

a type of study that observes the relationship between variables

collect data through surveys, naturalistic observation, interviews, or by looking at past studies

correlation can not show causation

third variable problem

when outside variables that were not accounted for when creating the parameters of the study impact the results

naturalistic observation

a way of collecting data by observing behaviors as the happen in a real world setting

does not explain behavior, only describes it

cross sectional studies

a research design used for comparing different groups

longitudinal studies

a research design which follows one particular group or individual over a long period of time

problem is may not apply to general population

expensive

independent variable

variable that is manipulated, the cause

dependent variable

the outcome factor, the effect

experimental control

when a study prevents other variables other than those being studied from affecting the outcome

placebo effect

when a participant acts differently because they expect a certain outcome

Placebo

a substance that is as close to the independent variable as possible, but is missing a key component of it

confunding variable

variables other than the independent variables that could impact the dependent variables

single-blind study

when participants in an experiment are unaware of the group they are in (control or experimental)

double-blind study

when participants and the experimenters in an experiment are unaware of the group that the participants are in (control or experimental)

random assignment

when each participant has an equal chance of being put into either the experimental or control group

quasi-experiment

a type of experiment that does not include the random assignment of participants (due to ethical or practical reasons)

hindsight bias

the tendency to think that one could have anticipated the outcome of an event or experiment after it has already occurred

confirmation bias

the tendency to seek information that aligns with our point of view and dismiss information that challenges our beliefs

experimental bias

when a researcher unknowingly influences the outcome of the research

social desirability bias

the tendency of participants to skew their answers to create a more favorable impression of them

ways of reducing bias

following the scientific method

conducting single blind or double blind studies

making sure you have clear operational definitions that allow for the experiment to be replicated

giving pre screenings to participants

using placebos

setting clear objectives

Reliability

the trustworthiness or consistency of a test being used in a study

Validity

how well a test measures what it is supposed to

descriptive statistics

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.

inferential statistics

numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

mean

average

mode

most occurring number

median

middle of the numbers

range

difference between the highest and lowest numbers

standard deviation

indicates the average distance from the mean

standard normal distribution

A normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.

bimodal distribution

a distribution which has two modes causing the distribution to have two peaks

percentile rank

the location of a score in a distribution expressed as the percentages of cases in the data set

correlation coefficient

the closer the value is to 1 the stronger the relationship between the two variables

probability value

the likelihood that the observed could have occurred just by random chance

American Psychological Association (APA)

professional organization representing psychologists in the United States and its mission is to advance the creation, communication, and application of psychological knowledge to benefit society

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A committee to review research proposals for ethical acceptability and compliance with the code of conduct.

informed consent

a persons voluntary agreement to participate with knowledge of the risks, alternatives, and benefits

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

a committee responsible for overseeing an institutes program and research protocols involving nonhuman animals

Heredity

genetics

Hereitability

mathematical measure to estimate how much variation there is in a population related to genes

(so if its .7, then 70% of the population would have the trait from genetics)

reciprocal determinism

environment, behavior, and the individual can influence and impact each other

Epigenetics

the study of how the environment and a persons behavior affect their genes and how they work

plasticity

the adaptability of the brain to change in response to a person's experience. This can be done by reorganizing or building new neural pathways

nervous system

the fast acting, electrochemical communication network that uses neurons and nerve cells to coordinate activities of the organism

can be split into two, central nervous system and peripheral nervous systme

endocrine system

regulates the different biological processes in the body, it is made up of glands and organs that make hormones and release them into the blood

hormones include but are not limited to growth hormones, insulin, estrogen, testosterone, and melatonin

hypothalamus

the part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and the automatic (involuntary) functions of the body (eatings, drinking, body temp)

pituitary gland

under the direction of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other glands by the release of hormones. Known as the master gland

pineal gland

controls the production of melatonin

above pituitary gland on the left side of your brain

thyroid gland

produces thyroid hormone (when signaled by the pituitary gland) which helps regulate metabolism. Also produces the hormone Calcitonin which controls levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood

parathyroid gland

small gland contained in a small area of the thyroid gland and secretes parathyroid hormone which is involved in control of calcium and phosphate metabolism

adrenal glands

pair of glands that is right above the kidneys

secretes several hormones that regulate salt, blood pressure, oxygen intake, increase your heart rate, and increase blood flow

produces epinephrine/adrenaline, norepinephrine/noradrenaline, mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids

Epinephrine/Adrenaline

a hormone and neurotransmitter

secreted when an individual is stressed, scared, or anxious

fight or flight hormone

increases heart rate, expands air passages of the lungs, and redistributes blood to muscles

Norepinephrine/Noradrenaline

a hormone and neurotransmitter

works with epinephrine in the fight or flight response

mineralcorticoids

hormones that regulate salt and water

Glucorticoids

hormones that act on carbohydrate metabolism

pancreas

secretes the hormone insulin and glucagon which together regulate blood sugar and carbohydrate metabolism

gonads

the main reproductive organs, testes or ovaries. they produces sex hormones, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone

Homeostasis

the regulation of the body's internal environment

central nervous system

the brain and spinal cord

this area is reading incoming messages from the peripheral nervous system and sending orders to the rest of the body