Rational Choice
Citizen’s individual interest
Retrospective Voting
whether or not a party/candidate should be reelected based on their performance
Prospective Voting
the potential performance of a party/candidate
Party-Line Voting
voting for candidates from a single political party for all offices
Splinter/Bolter Parties
Form to represent constituencies that feel disenfranchised by major parties
usually united around the feeling that other parties do not respond to their demands
Economic Interest Groups
promote and protect members’ economic interests, including business groups and labor groups
Public Interest Groups
nonprofit groups organized around a set of public policy issues, including consumer, environmental, religious, and single-issue groups
Government Interest Groups
localities like states and cities which have lobbying organizations in DC, including mayors, governors
amicus curiae
“Friend of the court”: someone who is not a party to a case, but offers information that bears on the case, and has not been solicited by any of the parties to assist a court.
influence peddling
using friendships and inside information to get political advantage
1946 Federal Regulation of Lobbying
intended to allow government to monitor lobbying activities by requiring lobbyist to register with government and disclose salaries, nature of activities, and expenses
Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA - 1974)
allowed political action committees (PACs) to be formed by corporations, unions, and trade associations to raise campaign funds
Set restrictions on contributions and contributors - must raise money from employees and members and not from treasuries
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (McCain-Feingold Act)
regulated campaign finance + PAC donations
Prohibited soft money (unregulated donations) to national political parties
Limited corporate and union funding for ads about political issues within 60 days of general election and 30 days of primary
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010): Supreme Court overturned BCRA limits on PAC funding for “corporate independent expenditures”
PACs that donate to certain candidates must have limits on their contributors and donations
PACs that do not donate to specific candidates have no fundraising limits as long as they do not coordinate with candidates
Unlimited PACs are known as super PACs - generally financed by the rich but can be difficult to locate donors
Vague on what coordination is
Hard Money
Regulated contributions to candidates
Soft Money
Unregulated, unlimited contributions to parties for activities; limited by BCRA
527 Groups
Named after part of tax code
Tax-exempt organization that promotes political agenda but cannot advocate for/against a specific candidate
Not regulated by the FEC and not subject to contribution limits
Avoid regulations because they are political organizations but not registered as political committees
Issue advocacy vs candidate advocacy = disagreed
BCRA changed soft money rules to make establishing 527s more appealing than PACs and allowing outside groups to avoid hard money limits of BCRA
Incumbent advantage
Representatives who run for reelection (incumbents) win ~90% of the time
House incumbents have a greater advantage than senators
House members run in home districts, usually of one party due to gerrymandering
Victory in primary election nearly guarantees victory in general election
Superdelegates
Democratic Party grants automatic delegate status to elected party leaders (superdelegates), who generally support the front-runner.
McGovern-Fraser Commission
created in 1968 to promote diversity in delegate pool - recommended that delegates are represented by proportion of population in each state
Blanket Primary
voters can vote for one candidate per office of either party
Brokered conventions
held when no candidate has received the pledge of a majority of delegates and conventions must decide the nominee
Party systems designed to avoid brokered conventions - divides party, can cost election
Split-ticket voting
voting for a presidential candidate of one party and legislators of another
Leads to divided government (when one party controls the Senate and/or House and the other controls the executive branch)
Creates gridlock: two branches work against each other or can result in the creation of moderate policy
Encourages party dealignment because voters do not clearly align with their parties
Incrementalism
slow, step-by-step way of making policy
policy fragmentation
many pieces of legislation deal with parts of policy problems but never address the whole problem
Laisses Faire
conomists think that the government should never get involved in the economy
Pursuit of profit benefits society
Free markets are governed by the laws of nature
Readopted by US since the Cold War ended
Keynesian economics
the government can smooth out business cycles by influencing individuals’ income amounts and the amounts businesses can spend on goods and services
New Deal - 1930s
Federal Reserve Board
How the government controls the supply of money in circulation and credit
Can increase amount of money in circulation by lowering interest rates, which make borrowing money less expensive and inflate the economy (higher prices and wages)
Raising interest rates deflates the economy (more stable/lower prices or wages)
Discretionary spending
not required by law, programs include research grants, education, defense, highways, and all government operations