Untitled Flashcards Set

Automatic Processing

Requires no conscious effort; example includes walking.

Controlled Processing

Requires conscious effort and attention; example includes solving a math problem.

Selective Attention

The process of focusing on a particular object in the environment while ignoring irrelevant information.

Psychoactive Drugs

Substances that alter consciousness, mood, and thoughts; includes stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and opioids.

Paradoxical Sleep

Also known as REM sleep, a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement and vivid dreams.

Classical Conditioning

Learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response.

Phobias

Intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, often developed through classical conditioning.

Operant Conditioning

Learning process where behavior is influenced by consequences, such as rewards and punishments.

Schedules of Reinforcement

Different patterns of delivering reinforcements; e.g., fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, variable-interval.

Primacy Effect

The tendency to recall the first items in a list better than the middle items.

Recency Effect

The tendency to recall the last items in a list better than the middle items.

Explicit Memory

Long-term memory that involves conscious recall.

Implicit Memory

Long-term memory that involves unconscious recall.

Encoding

The phase of memory that involves processing information.

Storage

The phase of memory that involves maintaining information.

Retrieval

The phase of memory that involves accessing information.

Schemas

Cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, and process information.

Flashbulb Memories

Vivid, detailed memories of significant events.

Crystallized Intelligence

Involves knowledge and skills acquired over a lifetime.

Fluid Intelligence

Involves the ability to reason and solve new problems.

Stereotype Threat

The fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group, impacting performance.

Latent Learning

Learning that occurs without reinforcement and is not immediately demonstrated.

Modeling

Learning by observing others.

Deductive Reasoning

Starts with a general statement to reach a specific conclusion.

Inductive Reasoning

Starts with specific observations to reach a general conclusion.