1. Automatic vs. Controlled Processing: Automatic processing requires no conscious effort (e.g., walking), while controlled processing requires conscious effort and attention (e.g., solving a math problem).

2. Selective Attention: This is the process of focusing on a particular object in the environment for a certain period of time while ignoring irrelevant information.

3. Keeping Busy: Engaging in activities to keep the mind occupied, which can affect attention and consciousness.

4. Psychoactive Drugs: These are substances that alter consciousness, mood, and thoughts. They include stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and opioids.

5. Paradoxical Sleep: Also known as REM sleep, it's a sleep stage characterized by rapid eye movement and vivid dreams, despite the body being in a state of paralysis.

Chapter 6: Learning

1. Classical Conditioning: Learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response.

2. Phobias: Intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, often developed through classical conditioning.

3. Addiction and Classical Conditioning: Substance use can be conditioned through associations between drug use and environmental cues.

4. Operant Conditioning: Learning process where behavior is influenced by consequences, such as rewards and punishments.

5. Schedules of Reinforcement: Different patterns of delivering reinforcements (e.g., fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, variable-interval).

6. Classical vs. Operant Conditioning: Classical conditioning involves associations between stimuli, while operant conditioning involves associations between behaviors and consequences.

7. Latent Learning & Modeling: Learning that occurs without reinforcement and is not immediately demonstrated (latent learning) and learning by observing others (modeling).

8. Bandura’s “Bobo doll” study: Demonstrated that children can learn aggressive behaviors through observation and imitation of adult models.

Chapter 7: Memory

1. Attention: Focusing mental resources on information to process it more deeply.

2. Phases of Memory: Encoding (processing information), storage (maintaining information), and retrieval (accessing information).

3. Three Memory Systems: Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

4. Serial Position Effect: Tendency to recall the first (primacy effect) and last items (recency effect) in a list better than the middle items.

5. Types of Long-term Memory: Explicit (conscious recall) and implicit (unconscious recall).

6. Levels of Processing Model: Deep processing (semantic encoding) leads to better memory than shallow processing (structural or phonemic encoding).

7. Schemas: Cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, and process information.

8. Association Networks: Models of memory that use a network of related concepts.

9. Encoding Specificity: Memory is improved when information available at encoding is also available at retrieval.

10. Transience: Forgetting over time, which can be due to proactive interference (old information interferes with new) or retroactive interference (new information interferes with old).

11. Flashbulb Memories: Vivid, detailed memories of significant events.

12. Memory Storage: Involves the hippocampus, which is crucial for forming new memories.

13. Consolidation, Reconsolidation: Processes by which memories become stable and are later re-stabilized after being recalled.

Chapter 8: Thinking & Intelligence

1. Analogical vs. Symbolic Representations: Analogical representations involve physical similarities to objects (e.g., a picture of a cat), while symbolic representations involve abstract symbols (e.g., the word "cat").

2. Scripts: Cognitive structures that describe the sequence of events in a given context.

3. Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning: Deductive reasoning starts with a general statement to reach a specific conclusion, while inductive reasoning starts with specific observations to reach a general conclusion.

4. Heuristics: Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify decision making.

5. Crystallized vs. Fluid Intelligence: Crystallized intelligence involves knowledge and skills acquired over a lifetime, while fluid intelligence involves the ability to reason and solve new problems.

6. IQ: Intelligence quotient, a measure of a person's intellectual abilities.

7. Distribution of IQ Scores: Typically follows a normal distribution, with most people scoring around the average.

8. Complexity of Intelligence: Intelligence is multifaceted and cannot be fully captured by a single measure.

9. Stereotype Threat: The fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group, which can negatively impact performance.