chapter 15 - orthodontics

Orthodontia

Straightening of teeth

Orthodontist

A graduate dental student who has completed an additional two to three years of study in this field

Centric relationship

The most retruded position of the mandibular condyle into the glenoid fossa

Neutroclusion

Class I condition in which the posterior teeth are in harmony, but the anterior teeth are malpositioned

Distoclusion

Class II condition in which the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar is anterior to the buccal groove of the mandibular first molar

Division 1 (Class II)

Maxillary incisors protruding with a v-shaped arch instead of a u shaped arch

Divison 2 (Class II)

Maxillary incisors having a lingual incline with an excessive overbite and a wider than normal arch

Mesioclusion

Class III condiiton, in which the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar occludes in the interdental space of the mandibular permanent first molar's digital

Mesioversion

Tooth is positioned more mesial than normal

Distoversion

Tooth is positioned more distal than normal

Labioversion

Anterior tooth is positioned outside the arch toward the lips

Buccoversion

Posterior tooth positioned toward the cheek

Linguoversion

Tooth positioned inside the arch toward the tongue

Infraversion

Tooth not fully erupted or into space

Supraversion

Tooth over erupted

Torsoversion

Tooth rotated on its axis

Transversion

Tooth in wrong order

Congenital

Present at birth

Supernumerary

Extra teeth

Ectopic

Out of place

Open bite

Anterior teeth do not contact with each other, or no contact exists between the maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth

Overjet

Horizontal overbite; increased horizontal distance between the incisal edges of maxillary and the labial surfaces of the mandibular central incisors

Vertical overbite

Excessive amount of overlap of the maxillary and mandibular central incisors when they are in occlusion

Crossbite

Midsaggital alignment between central incisors not in agreement; posterior tooth crossbite can occur when teeth do not meet correctly in the centric bite

Underjet

Maxillary incisors lingual to mandibular incisors

End to end

Edges of maxillary and mandibular incisors meeting each other

Preventive orthodontics

Procedures taken to preserve the integrity of a normal developing occlusion by protecting current conditions or preventing situations in teh future

Myotherapeutic

Exercise to heal misalignments

Interceptive orthodontics

Procedures taken to lessen the severity of any existing malfunctions or problems from genetic or environmental factors; placement or use of appliances to correct improper growth patterns

Corrective orthodontics

Procedure taken to reduce or eliminate malocclusion treatment plans include the application of intraoral and extraoral appliances and auxiliary forces for tooth direction

Rotation

Altering the position of a tooth around its long axis

Translation

Bodily tooth movement; a change of teeth to alternate positions

Tipping

Change of a tooth position to a more upright direction

Intrusion

Movement of the tooth into the alveolus

Extrusion

Movement of the tooth out of the alveolus

Torque

Movement of the root without the movement of the crown

Banding

Placing a metal band around the entire selective tooth or teeth

Direct bonding

Cementing brackets of stainless steel, gold plated metal, composite, ceramic with metal centers, or clear brackets on the surface of the tooth to attach needed pressures and arch wire forms

Indirect bonding

Placing and cementing brackets to tooth surfaces by means of tray delivery. Requires two visits

Invisailgn braces

Strong plastic (polyurethane) custom trays used in mild malocclusion cases. Takes impressions, X-rays, and photos that re sent to the align Lab, which prepares a CT scan and a 3D model

Lingual braces

Braces that are placed on the tongue side of the teeth

Accelerated osteogenic orthodontic treatment

Surgical orthodontic "team" approach that involves placement of a regular orthodontic apparatus on the teeth and a periodontist or oral surgeon to incise the gingiva and expose the alveolar bone

Osteopenia

Reduction in bone volume

Adjunctive orthodontics

Along with selective biomechanical movement, other procedures are taken to facilitate a proper outcome

Enamelplasty

Removal of enamel surface

Orthoganthic surgery

Combines the skills of several specialists; the use of surgical procedures to correct imbalance in the upper and lower jaws

Open bite

Space between the upper and lower teeth when the mouth is closed

Retrognathia

Receding lower jaw or "weak chin"

Prognathia

Protruding lower jaw, extending jaw

Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMJ)

Pain in the jawline due to dislocation of the joint

Patient medical and dental history

Summary of health problems, dental hygiene habits, patient's desire to follow treatment instructions, and care plane for a long time period

Clinical examination

Inspection and charting of teeth, soft-tissue condition, and biting ability

Photographs (extraoral and intraoral)

Photographic record of current condition; use to plan treatment and effective for before and after treatment status

Impression taking

Impressions of both arches and a bite registration are taken for the construction of a study model to be placed on an articulator and used for study and measurements

Radiographs

Full mouth series to view tooth conditions, panoramic X-ray exposure for growth projection, cephalometric films for skeletal pattern, and possibly 3D i-CAT cone beam computerized tomography for bone depth and condition

Cephalometric

Measurement of the head

Bands

Stainless steel circles or rings that are sized and cemented around a tooth. Supplied as maxillary or mandibular in varying sizes, and they may be supplied with or without brackets or tubes attached

Bracket

Support; a metal, ceramic, composite, or clear resin holding device used to support and stabilize the arch wire in teh mouth

Soldered

Joining of two metals

DB

Direct bonded

Arch wire

Horseshoe-shaped stainless steel or nickel titanium wire that may be round, rectangular, or square, and removable or fixed

Buccal tubes

Support devices soldered on bands into which headgear and arch wires are inserted; serves support for elastics or power devices or molar brackets

Button, cleats, hooks, eyelets

Devices used for support and holding power devices, elastics, and wires

Ligature

Binder or tie off; thin, stainless steel wires used to tie on or attach arch wires and any necessary attachments

Elastics

Sized latex circles providing various pull forces or elastomeric ties for holding

Auxiliary springs

Noble metal or stainless steel attachment to apply directional force

Separators

Device to set aside; brass wire, steel springs, or elastomeric materials that are placed between the teeth to obtain space before placing the bands

Headgear

Device composed of facebow and traction

Facebow

Stainless steel external archbow device that is inserted into the fixed molar tubes on the maxillary first molars; open wings ends extending from the oral cavity are connected with the prepared elastic traction strap devices

Traction device

Fitted, expandable device to be hooked onto a facebow after placement on the head

Cervical device

Circles the patient's neck and attaches to the facebow to pull in a parallel position to retract teeth

High-pull device

Fits on top of the patient's head and hooks in downward position, perpendicular to occlusion, to retract anterior teeth and control maxillary growth

Combination high-pull and cervical device

Traction combining both forces

Chin device

Placed on the chin; incorporates high-pull and cervical forces and is used to control mandible growth

Temporary anchoring device (TAD)

Titanium alloy miniscrew microplant device inserted into the interproximal bone to supply anchorage and a traction hold point; used to upright tilted teeth, open bites, and jaw movements

Class II correction devices

Spring bar that clasps onto the buccal bracket on one end and arch wire placement on the other

Aligner

An Invisalign system of computer-imaged and computer-generated clear plastic overlay trays used with milder cases of misaligned teeth. Patient wears removable, personal tray for designated period

Activator

Appliance designed to guide, change, or alter facial and jaw functions for a more favorable occlusion position. Anderson and Quad Helix

Hawley appliance

Removable, customized, acrylic and wire appliance designed to maintain newly acquired tooth position that is worn at night and sometimes during the day

Crozat appliance

Removable appliance made of precious alloy with body wires, lingual arms, and a high labial arch wire (maxillary); molar clasps hold the appliance in place

Lingual retainer

Mandibular bar with cuspid-to-cuspid cemented unions to maintain lower incisors in position

Lingual arch retainer

Extended and attached to the mandibular molar-to-molar areas; fixed retainer

Orthodontic tooth positioner

Customized mouth device constructed of soft acrylic or rubberized material surrounding the crowns of all the teeth in both jaws; worn by the patient to maintain the newly acquired tooth placement until calcification and positioning are assured

Palatal expanders

Known as RPE (rapid palatal expander) a fixed appliance cemented to the maxillary molar teeth with a spring insert in the palate area

Fixed space maintainer

Custom-constructed appliance attached to the remaining teeth to hold a tooth pattern or to maintain space from the premature loss of a tooth

Nightguard

Removable plastic splint worn at night to lessen the harmful effects of patient's grinding of teeth (bruxism)

Mouth guard

Removable custom-made plastic tooth covering piece worn as protection from trauma while engaged in sport activities

Oral shield

Device that fits into the vestibule space between the teeth and the lips; helps to train and maintain lip function by correcting habits, strengthening lip action, or correcting mouth-breathing faults

Dental appliances

Specialized mouth appliances for health disorders such as sleep apnea, thumb sucking, nail biting, and tongue thrusting

Band remover pliers

Used to remove bands from teeth

Bird-beak pliers

Used to bend and shape appliance wires

Loop forming pliers

Used to form and shape loops in wires

Howe pliers

Used to make arch wire adjustment

Three prong pliers

Used to close or adjust clasps

Contouring pliers

Used to contour bands for concave or convex tilt

Ligature tying pliers

Used to tie or bind off ligature wires and to place elastics

Arch forming pliers

Used for bending or holding dimensional wires

Stress and tension gauge

Narrow, handheld instrument with interior 1 oz. and 4 oz. marked sliding scale; used to measure intraoral forces

Band seater

Rounded, serrated end is used to "seat" band onto a tooth

Ligature tucker

Straight-handled instrument with claw-like end that is used to guide ligatures and assist with the bending of cut wire edges