INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Industrial Revolution

A period from approximately 1760 to 1840 CE primarily in Great Britain, characterized by a shift from handmade goods to machine-made products, particularly in the textile industry.

Spinning Jenny

A multi-spindle spinning frame invented during the Industrial Revolution that allowed for faster production of yarn.

Water Frame

A machine that utilized water power to produce stronger threads, significantly improving textile manufacturing.

Power Loom

A mechanical loom developed during the Industrial Revolution that increased the speed and efficiency of weaving cloth.

2nd Industrial Revolution (Heavy)

A period from around 1870 to 1914 CE focusing on heavy industries such as steel and electricity, primarily in Europe and the United States.

Steel Production (Bessemer Process)

An innovation introduced during the 2nd Industrial Revolution that made steel production faster and cheaper.

Electricity

The development of electrical power during the 2nd Industrial Revolution, which revolutionized both industries and households.

Internal Combustion Engine

An engine that led to the creation of automobiles and airplanes, fundamentally changing transportation.

Telegraph and Telephone

Communication innovations that improved long-distance interaction, enhancing business and personal communications.

Great Britain & Industrial Revolution

The birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, where a combination of resources, competition, and inventions fostered significant industrial growth.

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small farms into larger, more efficient ones, which increased agricultural productivity but displaced many rural workers, prompting migration to cities for factory jobs.

Crop Rotation

A farming practice that improved soil fertility and increased crop yields by alternating different crops in a field.

Mechanical Reaper

A machine that significantly increased the speed of harvesting crops compared to manual labor.

Stock Breeding

The selective breeding of livestock that resulted in healthier animals and higher production of meat and milk.

Horse-Drawn Seed Drill

An agricultural tool that facilitated the efficient planting of seeds in rows at the appropriate depth, enhancing planting success.

Water Wheel

A device that harnessed the power of water to drive machinery in factories during the Industrial Revolution.

Steam Engine

A reliable power source that revolutionized machinery and factory operations by utilizing steam for energy.

Steam-Powered Looms

Machines that increased the speed of weaving cloth, thereby enhancing textile production in factories.

Steam Frigate

A steam-powered warship that improved naval capabilities and warfare during the Industrial Revolution.

Railroads

A transportation system that enabled the efficient movement of goods and people over long distances, transforming trade and travel.

Urbanization

The rapid growth of cities as people migrated from rural areas to urban centers in search of employment opportunities.

Wage Labor

A labor system that replaced family farming with workers being paid wages for their labor in factories.

Unions (Strikes)

Organizations formed by workers to advocate for better wages and working conditions, often resulting in strikes to demand their rights.

Capitalism

An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production and profit-driven markets, where businesses operate to make a profit.

Global Customer Base

The expansion of trade networks during the Industrial Revolution that allowed businesses to sell goods worldwide, significantly increasing their profits.

Industrial Investing

The practice of investing in new technologies and factories during the Industrial Revolution, which became lucrative for wealthy individuals and contributed to the growth of capital.

Socialism

An economic and political system that emphasizes collective or governmental ownership or regulation of the means of production, aiming to reduce social inequalities and prioritize community well-being.

Collective Ownership

A principle of socialism where resources and industries are owned and controlled by the community or government rather than private individuals.

Wealth Redistribution

A key principle of socialism focused on reducing social inequalities by distributing wealth more evenly among all members of society.

Public Welfare

The emphasis in socialism on prioritizing the needs and well-being of the community over individual profit, ensuring access to basic needs and services for all.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means, often driven by economic, political, and cultural motives.

Indirect Rule

A colonial governance system where local rulers maintain their authority under the control of colonial powers.

Direct Rule

A colonial governance system in which colonial powers directly control the administration and governance of the colony.

Nationalism

A strong sense of national identity and pride among people who share a common language, culture, and history, often promoting unity and support for national interests.

Social Darwinism

A social theory that applies the concept of natural selection to human societies, suggesting that competition among individuals and nations leads to the "survival of the fittest."

Civilizing Missions

The belief that imperial powers have a duty to bring civilization, culture, and governance to "backward" societies, often used to justify imperialism.

"White Man's Burden"

The idea that it is the moral responsibility of Europeans to educate and civilize non-European peoples, reinforcing the justification for imperialism and colonialism.

British East India Company

A trading company that played a significant role in establishing British control over India, focusing on trade and resource extraction during the 17th and 18th centuries.

Dutch East India Company

A trading company established by the Netherlands in the early 17th century, which focused on trade in Southeast Asia, particularly in spices from the East Indies.

French Indochina

A colonial territory established by France in the late 19th century, comprising Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, aimed at exploiting local resources like rice and rubber.

Scramble for Africa

A period in the late 19th century during which European nations competed for control of African territories, driven by economic interests and political ambitions.

Resistance to Imperialism

Various forms of opposition that emerged in Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia in response to economic exploitation and colonial rule, including uprisings and national movements.

Berlin Conference

A meeting held in 1884-1885 where European powers established rules for the colonization of Africa, resulting in the partitioning of the continent without regard for local cultures or political structures.

British Transformation of India

The significant political, economic, and social changes imposed by the British in India, which included centralizing control, reshaping the economy for British benefit, and introducing Western education and legal systems.

Mughal Empire in the 18th Century

The declining empire in India during the 1700s, which faced political instability and fragmentation, allowing the British East India Company to expand its influence.

Indian Rebellion of 1857

A major uprising against British rule in India, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, which ultimately led to the transition from indirect control by the British East India Company to direct governance by the British Crown.

British Raj

The period of direct British rule in India from 1858 to 1947, following the dissolution of the East India Company, during which India was governed by British officials.

The Revolution marked a shift from handmade goods to machine-made products in Great Britain.

Industrial

The Jenny was invented to allow for faster production of yarn during the Industrial Revolution.

Spinning

The process of combining small farms into larger ones to increase productivity is known as the Movement.

Enclosure

The invention of the Engine revolutionized machinery during the Industrial Revolution.

Steam

The of Africa refers to the late 19th-century competition among European nations for control of African territories.

Scramble