Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance and Contributing Factors

These flashcards cover key concepts related to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), its mechanisms, societal impact, and the strategies for combating it.

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

The ability of microorganisms to evolve and resist the effects of medications, making standard treatments ineffective.

Intrinsic Resistance

Natural resistance to certain antibiotics due to inherent structural or functional characteristics of microorganisms.

Acquired Resistance

Resistance developed through mutations or gene transfers that complicate treatment strategies.

Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs)

Enzymes produced by bacteria that break down beta-lactam antibiotics, rendering them ineffective.

Horizontal Gene Transfer

The movement of genetic material between organisms, contributing to the rapid spread of resistance genes among bacteria.

Efflux Pumps

Mechanisms used by bacteria to expel antibiotics from their cells, thereby reducing the efficacy of the drugs.

Biofilm Formation

A structure formed by bacteria that provides protection against antibiotics and the host immune system.

One Health

An approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of human health, animal health, and environmental health in managing antimicrobial resistance.

Antimicrobial Stewardship

A set of strategies to promote the appropriate use of antimicrobials to combat resistance.

Health Inequity

Avoidable differences in health outcomes between different groups, often exacerbating the impact of AMR.

Diagnostic Uncertainty

The limitations in current diagnostic tests that may fail to detect all pathogens, leading to inappropriate antibiotic use.

Global Surveillance

Monitoring systems to identify trends in antimicrobial resistance, aiding in the implementation of public health strategies.