vocal ped final

What impact did the Roman Catholic Church have on vocal music education?

established schools, such as the one by Pope Sylvester, for liturgical singing.

Ancient Greek and Roman theories

Singing as a part of a complete humanistic education

What is bel canto?

An Italian term meaning 'beautiful singing' that emphasizes a flexible, florid singing style.

What are some key principles of Bel Canto technique?

Emphasis on pure tone, phrasing, and vibrato.

Who was Pier Francesco Tosi?

A vocal pedagogue and author known for focusing on style, execution, and literature for training singers.

What was a significant contribution of Manuel Garcia II to vocal pedagogy?

Invention of the laryngoscope (1854) and development of the voice register system.

What does vocology focus on?

voice habilitation and care.

tympanic membrane.

Commonly known as the eardrum, it vibrates in response to sound waves.

What are the 3 stages of learning

Attention/sensory register, working memory (short-term memory), long-term memory.

What is the goal of effective vocal training?

To achieve a free, easy, and flexible voice.

breath support

the relationship between inspiratory and expiratory muscles, used to regulate the sub-glottal pressure

Identify the four types of breathing outlined in the notes.

Clavicular, thoracic, abdominal, and appoggio.

What does muscular antagonism refer to?

The cooperation of two muscles that work together, such as in bending or straightening arms.

feedback

can be immediate, terminal, or concurrent, influencing how a student adjusts their performance

What is the significance of alignment in vocal pedagogy?

allows for optimal airflow and reduces tension, enabling a more efficient vocal production.

What did Richard Miller's work focus on?

His work, 'The Structure of Singing', emphasizes vocal function.

What type of breathing does not provide good support and is characterized by lots of air?

Clavicular breathing.

Chunking

combines units into organized groups, increasing the capacity of working memory.

What are the psychological aspects of vocal pedagogy that must be addressed?

vocal abuse, exploitation, and safety in teaching.

auditory feedback

comes from sound waves produced by a singer that return to their ears, both externally and internally

breath control

the release of air through the glottis, the speed of the air

What year did Tosi publish Opinioni del Cantori Antichie Moderni

1723

Thoracic breathing

Bottom of rib cage expansion during inhalation, involving the use of intercostal muscles.

clavicular breathing

Involves raising the shoulders and upper chest during inhalation, often leading to inefficient breath support.

abdominal breathing

the expansion of the abdomen during inhalation, promoting efficient breath support and diaphragm use.

appoggio breathing

balanced breath support, allowing for sustained and controlled phonation while maintaining an open throat and relaxed body.

WHAT IS THIS??!?!?!?!?!

the diaphragm dummy

is the diaphragm used for inhalation or exhalation

inhalation

what are theeeeeese?

exterior intercostals

are exterior intercostals part of inhalation or exhalation

inhalation

wot

interior intercostals

are interior intercostals for inhalation or exhalation

exhalation

which muscle is dis

rectus abdominus

are the rectus abdominus used in inhalation or exhalation

exhalation

?

transverse abdominis

transverse abdominis is used in what

exhalation

which one is this

external oblique abdominal muscles

external obliques are used in…

exhalation

what?

the internal oblique abdominal muscles

internal obliques are used in ______

exhalation

help a sister out

quadralus lumborum

what is the first stage of the breathing cycle

inhalation

second stage of the breathing cycle

suspension

third stage of breathing cycle

exhalation

last stage of the breathing cycle

recovery

1.

temporal bone

2.

ear canal

3.

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

4.

Eustachian tube

5.

incus

6.

cochlea

7.

auditory nerve

8.

vestibular nerve

9.

semicircular canals

10.

stapes

11.

malleus

What did William Vernard and Ralph Appelman do?

applied scientific principles to voice training (‘67)

Johan Sundberg and Berton Coffin are known for what?

pioneering research in vocal acoustics for classical voices

Ingo Titze is known for…?

His research of SOVT exercises (Semi-Occluded Vocal Tract)

Bright

provides brilliance and carrying power, with stronger, higher pitch overtones

Dark

provides warmth and fullness, stronger low pitch overtones

Twang

results from a narrowing of the vocal tract to produce a brassy, edgy timbre

Loft

created by relaxing and enlarging the pharynx and lifting the soft pallet

forward

resonating in the cheekbones, having brightness, described as being in the mask

back

often somewhat dark in vocal color, and tend to give the impression of being caught in the throat, or back of the mouth

lyric

A vocal quality characterized by a light, flowing, and expressive sound, often used in singing styles that emphasize melodic phrases.

dramatic

often darker in tone and more powerful, and full

clear

bright, focused, and easily understood. directly related to the amount of air that escapes with the sound

breathy

the result of incomplete closure of the glottis and is often made worse by poor breath support

clean

pure tone in vocal production

raspy

results from aperiodic events during vocal fold vibration, possibly caused by physiological and/or pathological voice disorders

healthy

related to clear and clean production, generally free of unwanted noise

damaged

hoarse and raspy that is beyond the direct control of the singer, cracking or popping, diplophonia

conversational

speech-like timbre, used by non-classical singers

ringing

caused by vocal tract amplification of very high overtones, essential for singers who must project their voices over the sound of an orchestra

nasal

tone that actively resonates in the nasal cavity, caused by a relaxed soft pallet that fails to seal the passageway from the back of the throat into the nose. Can coexist with various other vocal timbres

non-nasal

A type of sound quality in singing where the airflow does not resonate in the nasal cavities, resulting in a clearer, cleaner tone.

free

the most subjective of all the descriptors, generally based on personal experience, gives the impression of ease

forced

gives the impression of being taxing on the singer, if prolonged, they will induce hoarsness or noticable vocal fatigue

vibrato

a long-term vibration or oscillation, superimposed on a sustained pitch, often varies in its regularity

non-vibrato

lighter, purer, and straighter tone, often appears exclusively as an expressive device

wobble

a very slow vibrato can result from poor singing technique, prolonged periods of taxing voice use, neurological disorders, or simple old age

flutter

rapid vibrato, actually helpful in some ways for singers who specialize in highly melismatic repertoire

good diction

when text is intelligible, must be accurate and appropriate for the genre, sounds easy and natural

poor diction

excessively strenuous efforts to spit out the words, results in artificiality

stylistically correct

to be successful a performer must know, understand, and execute the unwritten rules

stylistically INcorrect

Failure to know, understand, or execute the unwritten rules of a performance.

the Renaissance had

Early vocal instruction as a part of music education

Rising importance of the voice in opera

Vocalists take on solo roles, enhancing the importance of voice training

Vocal Ped in the Baroque period

Transition from music ed to focused vocal training, Early vocal pedagogical treatises emerge, introduction to bel canto

Romantic Period Influence

Greater emphasis on emotional expression, Rise of virtuoso singers, particularly in opera

Stage one of memory lasts how long auditorily

2-4 seconds

How long does stage one of memory last visually?

less than a second

stage 2 of memory lasts how long?

5-20 seconds

stage 3 of memory lasts how long?

infinitely

stage 1 of memory

attention/sensory register

stage 2 of memory

short term/working

stage 3 of memory

long term

Declarative learning

know that, top-down

Procedural learning

know-how, bottom-up