Anatomy

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71 Terms

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Inferior

Below or further away from the head

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Superior

Above or nearer to the head

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Proximal

Nearer to where a limb attaches to the body

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Distal

Further away from where a limb attaches to the body

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Posterior

Behind or nearer to the back

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Anterior

The front or nearer to the front

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Internal

Located inside or further away from the surface

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External

Located on or near the surface

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Lateral

Further away from the midline of the body

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Medial

Closer to the midline of the body

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Axial Skeleton

The skull, ribs/thoracic cage, sternum, vertebral column

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Skull

Protects the brain, forms the orbit of the eyes, attachment to muscles, and structure to the face

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Ribs/Thoracic Cage

Protects and supports internal organs, such as the heart and lungs

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Sternum

A flat bone that starts at the bottom of the throat and runs to about halfway down the center of the chest

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Vertebral Column

Supports the spinal cord and head, provides articulation sites for ribs and innominate bones of the pelvic girdle

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Cervical Vertebrae

Smallest vertebrae, more movement than thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

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Thoracic Vertebrae

Restricts movement, ribs are attached to the side of each vertebrae

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Lumbar Vertebrae

The biggest and strongest of the vertebrae, plays a major role in weight-bearing

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Sacral Vertebrae

Transmits weight from body to pelvis and legs

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Coccygeal Vertebrae

Tailbone

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Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

Anchors and supports the upper limbs, attachment site for muscles that move the arms

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Pelvic (Hip) Girdle

Supports and protects abdominal organs, transfers weight from upper body to lower limbs

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Upper Extremity/Arms

Humerus, ulna, radius, carpal bones, metacarpals, and phalanges

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Lower Extremity/Legs

Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals, and phalanges

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Long Bones

Long cylindrical shaft, enlarged at both ends, important for movement (e.g., femur, metatarsals, clavicle)

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Short Bones

Small and cube-shaped, articulate with more than one other bone (e.g., carpals, tarsals)

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Flat Bones

Curved surfaces, provide protection and muscle attachment (e.g., sternum, scapula, ribs, pelvis)

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Irregular Bones

Specialized shapes and functions (e.g., vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx)

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Epiphysis

Two end partitions of a long bone, covered by articular cartilage

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Diaphysis

Compact part of a long bone, long shaft covered by periosteum membrane

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Periosteum

Membrane of a long bone for protection

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Spongy Bone

Lighter and less dense than compact bone, contains red bone marrow

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Articular Cartilage

Smooth tissue that covers the ends of bones, reduces friction and absorbs shock

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Bone Marrow

Soft fatty substance in bone cavities, produces blood cells (red marrow) and stores fat (yellow marrow)

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Compact Bone

External layer of bone, dense and filled with passageways for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic system

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Marrow Cavity

Space within the diaphysis where yellow marrow is stored

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Connective Tissue

Joins bodily structures, reinforces joints, transports nutrients, made up of proteins and intercellular fluid

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Fixed Joints

Very stable, no observable movement, joined by strong fibers called sutures

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Cartilaginous Joints

Allows slight movement, ends covered with fibrocartilage pads

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Synovial Joints

Most common type, allows a wide range of movement, characterized by joint capsule and synovial membrane

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Ligament

Band of strong fibrous connective material, joins bone to bone and provides stability

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Pads of Fat

Found between capsule, bone, or muscle, increases joint stability and reduces friction

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Meniscus Trough

Flexible discs of fibrocartilage, improves fit between bone ends and reduces wear and tear

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Bursae Fluid

Filled sac found between tendon and bone, reduces friction in high-stress areas

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Articular Cartilage

Smooth and spongy covers of the

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Gliding

Usually flat or slightly curved, slide across each other, with the least amount of movement

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Hinge

The articular surfaces have been fused so movement in one direction, joined by ligaments, movement is only allowed in one plane (extension/flexion)

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Pivot

The rounded surface of one bone that rolls around a ring formed by bone and ligament

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Condyloid

A ball-shaped bone that fits into a cup

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Saddle

bone that fits into a bone shaped like the legs, and can move up, down, side to side

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Ball and Socket

A sphere-shaped bone that fits into a rounded cavity, covered in cartilage to prevent friction and a high range of movements

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Contractility of Muscles

The ability of the muscle to contract and generate a force when it is stimulated by a nerve

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Extensibility of Muscles

The ability to extend before its normal resting state

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Elasticity of Muscles

The muscle's ability to return to its original resting length

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Atrophy of Muscles

Muscle wastage, caused by lack of physical activity, poor nutrition, and disease

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Hypertrophy of Muscles

Growth and increase in the size of the muscle, most commonly as a result of weight training

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Nerve Stimuli of Muscles

A nerve that sends a signal for the muscle to contract

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Oxygen to Muscles by Capillaries

Gaseous exchange that occurs in the capillaries so oxygen can be delivered to the muscles

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Skeletal Muscles

voluntary muscles that connect to bones and allows a wide range of movements and functions

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Cardiac Muscles

involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in the heart and is responsible for the ability of the heart to pump blood

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Smooth Muscles

type of muscle that contracts without any voluntary control and are located in walls of hollow visceral organs (expect the heart)

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Cerebral Arteries

Arteries that supply blood to the cerebellum and cerebrum

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Communicating Arteries

Arteries that surround the pituitary gland and form the Circle of Willis, allowing blood supply from carotid or vertebral arteries.

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Carotid Artery

Internal and external branches that supply blood to the cerebrum and face, scalp, skull base, and neck, respectively.

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Vertebral Artery

Artery that originates from the subclavian artery and supplies blood to the brain.

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Blood-Brain Barrier

Protective barrier that separates circulating blood from the brain's extracellular fluids.

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Glucose

Simple carbohydrate that provides fuel for the brain.

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Oxygen

Essential for brain function, growth, and healing.

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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Vital nucleotide for brain function, enhancing nutrient delivery and waste removal.

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Effect of Low Glucose or Oxygen Levels

Mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions, loss of consciousness due to insufficient glucose or oxygen supply to the brain.

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Synovial Fluid

Slippery fluid that fills the joint capsule