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Manifest Destiny
The belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.
Empresarios
American settlers in Mexican Texas who were granted land in exchange for recruiting and taking responsibility for new settlers.
Slavery in Mexican Texas
The contentious issue regarding the legality and morality of slavery in the region of Mexican Texas.
Sam Houston
Leader of Texan forces who played a key role in securing Texas independence.
Santa Anna
Mexican general and president whose forces were defeated at the Battle of San Jacinto.
Battle of the Alamo
A pivotal battle in the Texas Revolution where Texan forces were defeated but inspired continued resistance.
San Jacinto
The battle where Texan forces led by Sam Houston defeated Santa Anna, securing Texas independence.
Californios
Spanish-speaking residents of California, often landowners before and after the American annexation.
Tejanos
Mexican citizens residing in Texas, who played crucial roles during the Texas Revolution.
Independent Republic of Texas
The sovereign nation that existed from 1836 to 1845 before it was annexed by the United States.
Tyler’s failed Texas annexation
President John Tyler's unsuccessful attempt to annex Texas before leaving office.
Oregon Fever
The mass migration of settlers to the Oregon Territory in the 1840s in search of land and opportunity.
Liberty Party
A political party formed in the 1840s advocating for the abolition of slavery.
John Tyler
The 10th President of the United States known for his support of Texas annexation.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
A treaty that resolved border disputes between the US and Britain in 1842.
Election of 1844
An election primarily focused on the issue of westward expansion and Texas annexation.
“54 40 or Fight”
A slogan used during the Oregon boundary dispute, advocating for US control of the entire Oregon Territory.
Oregon Treaty (1846)
The treaty between the US and Britain that settled the boundary dispute in the Oregon Territory.
Annexation of Texas
The act of incorporating Texas into the United States in 1845.
Mexican-American War
A conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848, leading to significant territorial gains for the US.
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
The treaty that ended the Mexican-American War and ceded vast territories to the US.
Wilmot Proviso
A proposed amendment to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico, though it never passed.
Election of 1848
An election marked by divisions over the issue of slavery in territories acquired from Mexico.
Barnburners
A faction of the Democratic Party who were opposed to the expansion of slavery.
Free Soil Party
A political party formed in 1848 that opposed the extension of slavery into the territories.
Popular sovereignty
The doctrine that allowed settlers of a territory to decide whether slavery would be allowed there.
Compromise of 1850
A series of laws aimed at resolving tensions between slave and free states.
Slave Conspiracy
Allegations or threats of uprising among enslaved people, creating fear among slave owners.
John Sutter
A Swiss immigrant who established Sutter's Fort in California, significant during the Gold Rush.
California Gold Rush
A major event in 1849 that prompted mass migration to California in search of gold.
Effect of Gold Rush on Chinese immigrants
Many Chinese immigrants came to California seeking economic opportunity during the Gold Rush.
Commodore Matthew Perry
US Navy officer whose expedition to Japan opened the country to American trade.
1852 election
An election heavily influenced by sectional tensions over slavery, leading to the decline of the Whig party.
Fireaters
Radical pro-slavery politicians from the South advocating for the extension of slavery.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
An abolitionist novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that depicted the harsh realities of slavery.
Stephen Douglas
A Democratic senator known for his role in the debates with Lincoln and for the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
An 1854 law that created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, allowing for popular sovereignty.
Rise of the Know-Nothing/American Party
A political movement that emerged in the 1850s, focusing on anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic sentiments.
Rise of the Republican Party
The emergence of a new political party in the 1850s, primarily opposing the expansion of slavery.
Election of 1856
An election dominated by tensions over slavery, leading to the rise of the Republican Party.
Caning of Sumner
An incident in 1856 where Senator Charles Sumner was assaulted on the Senate floor, highlighting sectional tensions.
Pottawatomie Creek Massacre
A violent retaliation by abolitionist John Brown in Kansas against pro-slavery settlers.
Gadsden Purchase
A 1853 purchase of land from Mexico aimed at facilitating a southern transcontinental railroad.
Collapse of the Second Party System
The breakdown of the existing political parties in the mid-1850s due to divisions over slavery.
Ostend Manifesto
A document advocating for the US acquisition of Cuba, highlighting the pro-slavery agenda.
Bleeding Kansas
A term describing the violence that erupted in Kansas due to conflicts over slavery.
Dred Scott decision
A landmark Supreme Court ruling that denied citizenship to African American slaves and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.
Chief Justice Roger Taney
The Chief Justice who delivered the Dred Scott decision, influencing the national debate on slavery.
Lecompton Constitution and James Buchanan
The controversial pro-slavery constitution proposed for Kansas, supported by President Buchanan.
John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry
An 1859 attempted insurrection by abolitionist John Brown to initiate a slave revolt.
Lincoln’s view on slavery in mid 1850s
Lincoln held a moderate position, opposing the expansion of slavery but not advocating immediate abolition.
Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln debates in 1858
A series of debates focused on slavery and its expansion, raising Lincoln’s national profile.
