unit 8

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56 Terms

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1st Estate

The clergy of the Catholic Church in France, often privileged and wealthy.

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2nd Estate

The nobility in France, possessing land and privileges.

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3rd Estate

The common people in France, which included the bourgeoisie, urban workers, and peasants.

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Bourgeoisie

The middle class in France, including merchants and professionals.

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The Old Order

The system of feudalism and absolute monarchy in pre-revolutionary France.

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Philosophes

Intellectuals of the Enlightenment who applied reason to reform society.

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Financial Crisis

A major economic issue in France due to debt and poor management.

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Parlements

Regional judicial bodies in France that held authority over certain laws.

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Estates-General

The representative assembly in France, called in times of crisis.

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Cahiers

Lists of grievances drawn up by each estate in preparation for the Estates-General.

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Abbe Sieyes

A cleric and political writer who supported the Third Estate.

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National Assembly

The revolutionary assembly formed by representatives of the Third Estate.

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Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by members of the National Assembly not to disband until a new constitution was established.

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Louis XVI

King of France during the French Revolution; executed in 1793.

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The Bastille

A fortress in Paris; its storming on July 14, 1789, marked the beginning of the French Revolution.

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The Great Fear

A period of panic and riots by peasants amidst fears of noble reprisals.

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Declaration of Rights of Man

A foundational document of the French Revolution affirming individual rights and freedoms.

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Olympe de Gouges

A feminist playwright who wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman.

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Women’s March to Versailles

A march by women demanding bread and the return of the king to Paris.

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Civil Constitution of the Clergy

A law that restructured the Catholic Church in France and brought it under governmental control.

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Legislative Assembly

The governing body that replaced the National Assembly during the revolution.

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Jacobins

A radical political group during the French Revolution advocating for republicanism.

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Varennes

A town where Louis XVI was captured while attempting to flee France.

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The “Marseillaise”

The national anthem of France, originating from revolutionary songs.

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Sans-Culottes

Working-class men and women who pushed for radical revolutionary change.

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Paris Commune

The government body that ruled Paris and pushed for more radical measures during the revolution.

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George Danton

A leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution and a key member of the Committee of Public Safety.

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National Convention

The assembly that governed France during the most radical phase of the Revolution.

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Girondins

A moderate group within the National Convention.

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The Mountain

The radical faction of the National Convention that supported the Revolution.

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Vendee Rebellion

An uprising in the Vendée region against the National Convention.

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Robespierre

Leader of the Committee of Public Safety and key figure during the Reign of Terror.

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Committee on Public Safety

The executive government during the revolution tasked with protecting the Republic from internal enemies.

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Reign of Terror

A period during the revolution characterized by extreme political repression and mass executions.

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Marie Antoinette

The last queen of France before the French Revolution, known for her influence and extravagance.

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Republic of Virtue

Robespierre's vision of a morally good society achieved through revolutionary change.

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De-Christianization

Policies aimed at reducing the influence of the Catholic Church during the revolution.

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Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution who inspired freedom and equality.

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Thermidorian Reaction

The overthrow of Robespierre and the end of the Reign of Terror.

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Directory

The government set up after the fall of Robespierre that ruled from 1795 to 1799.

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Napoleon Bonaparte

Military leader who rose to power after the French Revolution and became Emperor of France.

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The Concordat of 1801

An agreement between Napoleon and the Pope that recognized Catholicism as the majority religion.

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The Civil Code (The Code Napoleon)

A legal code established under Napoleon that ensured civil rights and property rights.

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Prefects

Administrators appointed by Napoleon to oversee departments of France.

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The Continental System

Napoleon's economic blockade against Britain.

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Nationalism

A sense of pride in one's country or nation, often resulting in the desire for independence or self-governance.

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The Quadruple Alliance

The alliance of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain formed to counterbalance France.

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Congress of Vienna

A conference of ambassadors of European states held to reconfigure the political order after Napoleon.

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Klemens von Metternich

A key diplomat and statesman at the Congress of Vienna, known for his conservative views.

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Principle of Legitimacy

The idea that rightful monarchs should be restored to power after Napoleon's defeat.

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Balance of Power

The distribution of power among nations to prevent any one nation from becoming too strong.

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Conservatism

A political philosophy that promotes retaining traditional institutions.

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Edmund Burke

An English statesman and philosopher who is considered the father of modern conservatism.

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The Concert of Europe

A system of alliances among European powers to maintain peace after the Napoleonic Wars.

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Principle of Intervention

The belief that countries have the right to intervene in the affairs of other nations to preserve order.

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Karlsbad Decrees

Measures imposed by Metternich to suppress dissent and maintain conservative authority.