Chapter 9- Photosynthesis and Respiration Study Guide

Where do light-dependent reactions occur?

Thylakoid Membranes

Where do light-independent reactions occur?

Stroma

What is the key molecule of Light Dependent Reactions?

Chlorophyll

Outputs of LDR?

ATP, NADPH, Oxygen

Key processes of LDR

Photosystems, photolysis, electron transport chain, Photophosphorylation

Key molecules in Light Independent Reactions?

RuBisCO, ATP, NADPH, Glucose.

Key Processes in LIR?

Carbon Fixation and G3P Production

Outputs of LIR?

Glucose, ADP, NADP+, Regenerated RuBP, and G3P

Inputs of LIR?

Carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP

Inputs of LDR?

Water, light, PI, NADP, ADP.

Chlorophyll absorbs light, initiating electron transport, leading to ATP and NADPH synthesis. Oxygen is released as a byproduct of water splitting.

LDR

RuBisCO fixes CO2 into organic molecules, using ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce glucose.

LIR

Where does Glycolysis happen?

Cytoplasm

Key molecules of Glycolysis

Glucose, ATP, and NAD+

Key processes of Glycolysis

Substrate-level Phosphorylation, and pyruvate production.

Where does Pyruvate Oxidation happen?

Mitochondrial Matrix

Key molecules of Pyruvate Oxidation

Pyruvate, Acetyl-CoA, and NADH

Key processes of Pyruvate Oxidation

 NADH Production

Output of Glycosis

ATP, NADH, Pyruvate

Glucose is broken down into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH through substrate-level phosphorylation.

Glycolysis

Pyruvate is oxidized, producing NADH and acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle.

Pyruvate Oxidation

Where is the Citric Acid Cycle located?

Mitochondrial Matrix

Key Molecules of the Citric Acid Cycle

Citrate, Oxaloacetate, ATP, NADH, FADH2.

Outputs of the Citric Acid Cycle

CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2

Acetyl-CoA is oxidized to produce CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2, while regenerating oxaloacetate for the cycle to continue.

Citric acid cycle

Where is the Electron Transport Chain

Inner mitochondrial membrane

What is the Electron Transport Chain

Series of protein complexes and mobile electron carriers that transfer electrons.

1. NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the-

2.  Electrons move through the chain, driving the pumping of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

1. Electron transport chain and oxidative

Outputs of ETC

ATP and water

Where does Phosphorylation happen?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

What is Phosphorylation?

Conversion of ADP to ATP.

What is ATP synthase?

Enzyme complex responsible for ATP synthesis.

Chemiosmosis:

A process by which ATP is synthesized as a result of the movement of protons across a membrane.

  Glycolysis yield

ATP: Net gain of 2 molecules per glucose molecule.

NADH: Produced, yielding 2 molecules per glucose molecule.

Pyruvate Oxidation:

NADH: Produced