Studied by 17 people
Where do light-dependent reactions occur?
Thylakoid Membranes
Where do light-independent reactions occur?
Stroma
What is the key molecule of Light Dependent Reactions?
Chlorophyll
Outputs of LDR?
ATP, NADPH, Oxygen
Key processes of LDR
Photosystems, photolysis, electron transport chain, Photophosphorylation
Key molecules in Light Independent Reactions?
RuBisCO, ATP, NADPH, Glucose.
Key Processes in LIR?
Carbon Fixation and G3P Production
Outputs of LIR?
Glucose, ADP, NADP+, Regenerated RuBP, and G3P
Inputs of LIR?
Carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP
Inputs of LDR?
Water, light, PI, NADP, ADP.
Chlorophyll absorbs light, initiating electron transport, leading to ATP and NADPH synthesis. Oxygen is released as a byproduct of water splitting.
LDR
RuBisCO fixes CO2 into organic molecules, using ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce glucose.
LIR
Where does Glycolysis happen?
Cytoplasm
Key molecules of Glycolysis
Glucose, ATP, and NAD+
Key processes of Glycolysis
Substrate-level Phosphorylation, and pyruvate production.
Where does Pyruvate Oxidation happen?
Mitochondrial Matrix
Key molecules of Pyruvate Oxidation
Pyruvate, Acetyl-CoA, and NADH
Key processes of Pyruvate Oxidation
NADH Production
Output of Glycosis
ATP, NADH, Pyruvate
Glucose is broken down into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH through substrate-level phosphorylation.
Glycolysis
Pyruvate is oxidized, producing NADH and acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle.
Pyruvate Oxidation
Where is the Citric Acid Cycle located?
Mitochondrial Matrix
Key Molecules of the Citric Acid Cycle
Citrate, Oxaloacetate, ATP, NADH, FADH2.
Outputs of the Citric Acid Cycle
CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2
Acetyl-CoA is oxidized to produce CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2, while regenerating oxaloacetate for the cycle to continue.
Citric acid cycle
Where is the Electron Transport Chain
Inner mitochondrial membrane
What is the Electron Transport Chain
Series of protein complexes and mobile electron carriers that transfer electrons.
1. NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the-
2. Electrons move through the chain, driving the pumping of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
1. Electron transport chain and oxidative
Outputs of ETC
ATP and water
Where does Phosphorylation happen?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
What is Phosphorylation?
Conversion of ADP to ATP.
What is ATP synthase?
Enzyme complex responsible for ATP synthesis.
Chemiosmosis:
A process by which ATP is synthesized as a result of the movement of protons across a membrane.
Glycolysis yield
ATP: Net gain of 2 molecules per glucose molecule.
NADH: Produced, yielding 2 molecules per glucose molecule.
Pyruvate Oxidation:
NADH: Produced
Note 
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