Medical Terminology Chapter 2- The Human Body in Health and Disease (Extended)

Anatomy

study of structures of the body

Anatomical

referring to anatomy

Physiology

study of the functions of the structures (physi- nature/physical)

Anatomical position

Standing straight up so that the body is erect and facing forwards. Holding that arms at the side with the hands turned turned palms up.

Sagittal Plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right

Midsagittal Plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into equal sides at the midline

Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane)

vertical plane that divides the body into an anterior/ventral (front) and posterior/dorsal (back) side

Transverse Plane

horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts

Ventral/Anterior

Front

Dorsal/Posterior

Back

Cephalic/Superior

towards the head/above

Caudal/Inferior

towards the legs/below

Proximal

closer to the mid line/point of attachment

Distal

farther away from the mid line/point of attachment

Medial

closer to the midline

Lateral

far from the mid line

Homeostasis

the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

Dorsal Cavity

located on the back of the body and contains the nervous system and its organs

Cranial Cavity

Dorsal: located within the skull and holds the brain

Spinal Cavity

Dorsal: holds the spinal cord

Ventral Cavity

Located on the front of the body

Thoracic Cavity

Ventral: holds the heart and lungs

Abdominal Cavity

Ventral: holds the organs of the digestive system

Diaphragm

A muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

Pelvic Cavity

Ventral: formed by the pelvis and holds the reproductive organs and excretory system

Abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominal+Pelvic cavity

Inguinal

groin

R/L hypochondriac, Epigastric, R/L lumbar, Umbilical, R/L iliac, Hypogastric

The 9 regions of the Thorax and Abdomen

Peritoneum

multi layer membrane that protects and holds the organs in place

Parietal Peritoneum

Outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior abdominal wall. (█████-cavity wall)

Mesentery

fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestines to the interior abdominal wall.

Visceral Peritoneum

inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity (██████: internal organs)

Retroperitoneal

located behind the peritoneum Ex: the kidneys are █████

Peritonitis

inflammation of the peritoneum

Cytology

study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, chemistry, of the cell

Cytologist

specialist in the study of the cells

Cell membrane

surrounds and protects the cells

Cytoplasm

the material within the cell that is not a part of the nucleus

Nucleus

surrounded by the nuclear membrane and controls the activities of the cell and holds the DNA

Stem Cells

unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves through cell division. Adult █████ repair and maintain tissue. Embryonic █████ can form into any adult cell.

Graft versus host disease

Rejection of bone marrow donation

Genetics

Study of how genes are passed

Gene

fundamental unit of heredity

Dominant vs Recessive

D will show up over d

Genome

complete set of genetic info of an organism

Chromosomes

genetic structure found in the nucleus /→X. 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. 22 are identical and the others are XX or XY.

Somatic Cell

All body cells except gametes. 23 pairs of chromosomes

Gamete cell

sperm/egg. 23 single chromosomes

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA

Cystic Fibrosis

CF: a genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

A genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease 

Fragile X syndrome

Changes in the MR1 gene that usually makes a protein needed for normal brain development. The condition is characterized by developmental delays, learning disabilities, and social and behavior problems.

Hemophilia

A hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood-clotting factor is missing. This blood coagulation disorder, which mostly affects males, is characterized by spontaneous hemorrhage or severe bleeding following an injury.

Huntington’s Disease

HD: a genetic disorder that is passed from parent to child. Each child of a parent with the gene for ██████ has a 50–50 chance of inheriting this single defective gene. This condition causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife. This damage eventually results in uncontrolled movements, the loss of some mental abilities, and psychiatric disorders such as depression.

Marfan syndrome

A disorder affecting the connective tissue throughout the body, including the heart, eyes, blood vessels and musculoskeletal system. People with this inherited condition often have a tall, slender build and disproportionately long arms, legs, and fingers.

Muscular dystrophy

A group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement

Phenylketonuria

PKU: a rare genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing. PKU can be detected by a blood test performed on infants at birth. With careful dietary supervision to limit phenylalanine, an amino acid found mostly in foods that contain protein, people with PKU can lead normal lives.

Histology (hist-: tissue)

Study of the tissue

Epithelial Tissue

A tissue that forms a protective covering for all of internal and external surfaces of the body. These tissues also form glands.

Epithelium

specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and surface layer of the mucous membrane

Endothelium

specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels , body cavities, glands, and organs

Connective tissue

Tissue that supports and connect organs and other body tissues

Dense connective tissue

bone and cartilage that form the joints and framework of the body

Adipose Tissue (adip-: fat -ose: pertaining to)

fat: provides protective padding, insulation, and support

Loose connective tissue

tissue that holds the organ in place and binds tissues together

Fluid connective tissue

Tissue such as blood and lymph which transports nutrients and waste

Muscle tissue

Tissues with cells that can contract and relax

Nerve Tissue

Tissue with cells that can react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses

Aplasia

the defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue (complete lack)

Hypoplasia

the underdevelopment of an organ or tissue due to the deficiency in the number of cells (deficient cell growth)

Anaplasia

change in structure of cells and their orientation and is a characteristic of cancerous tumor formation

Dysplasia

abnormal development or growth of cells, or presence of abnormal cells

Hyperplasia

increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ. It can be caused by hormone increase or be precancerous.

Hypertrophy

Increase in the bulk of a body part or an organ due to an increase in the size of the cell. It is not due to tumor formation.

Glands

a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions

\-crine

to secrete (suffix)

Exocrine glands

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body (sweat glands or mammary glands)

Endocrine glands

Produce hormones and do not have ducts. The hormones are secreted directly into the blood stream

Adenoids

a mass of gland-like lymphoid tissue at the back of the upper pharynx

Adenocarcinoma

a malignant tumor that originates in the glands and may spread to other parts of the body

adenoma

benign tumor that starts in the epithelial tissue of a gland or gland-like structure

polyp

a common type of adenoma found in the colon

Organ

a somewhat independent part of the body that performs a function. Related ███ and tissues are organized into body systems.

Etiology

study of the causes of disease or abnormal conditions

Pathology

study of disease

Communicable disease (contagious disease)

any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects

Blood borne transmission

spread through infected blood/body fluids such as human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B, or sexually transmitted diseases

Droplet transmission

spread of an infection through respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing. Some disease include COVID 19, flu, cold, and measles

Indirect contact transmission

infection through a contaminated surface

Airborne transmission

infection through micro particles that float around for hours after the infected has left the room. Examples include tuberculosis, measles, COVID 19, and chicken pox

Aerosol-generating procedures

When is a person most susceptible to airborne transmission diseases?

Food borne/ Waterborne/ Fecal-oral transmission

Infection caused by eating or drinking contaminated food

Vector-borne transmission

spread of diseases through blood sucking vectors such as mosquitoes. examples include malaria and West Nile virus

Epidemiologist

specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group

Dem

population (word part)

Endemic

refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area

Epidemic

a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area 

Pandemic

refers to an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide 

Organic disorders

symptoms are detectable physical changes in the body Example: varicella has a rash made from tiny blisters.

Functional Disorder (non organic disorder)

produces symptoms which no disease or organic cause can be identify.