Bio Test Review

Cell Organelles

Structures within a cell that perform specific functions, such as mitochondria for cellular respiration and chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

Chromatin vs Chromatids vs Chromosomes

Chromatin is a relaxed form of DNA, chromatids are identical halves of a chromosome, and chromosomes are tightly coiled DNA during cell division.

Centromere

The region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined and where spindle fibers attach during cell division.

Diffusion

The process by which molecules spread from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Cell Cycle

The series of phases (interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis) that a cell goes through to divide and replicate.

Mitosis Phases

Stages of cell division: prophase (nuclear envelope breaks down), metaphase (chromosomes align), anaphase (chromatids separate), telophase (nuclei reform).

Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to distant parts of the body.

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells with the potential to develop into different cell types.

Muscle Cells

Cells specialized for contraction and movement.

Neurons

Specialized cells for transmitting nerve impulses.

Fat Cells

Cells that store energy in the form of fat.

Blood Cells

Cells involved in transporting oxygen and fighting infection.

Connective Cells

Cells that provide support and structure to the body.

Circulatory System

Body system that transports blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes; includes heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Digestive System

System responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients; includes organs like the stomach and intestines.

Respiratory System

System that facilitates gas exchange; includes lungs and airways.

Musculoskeletal System

System that supports the body and allows movement; includes bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments.

Capillaries

Small blood vessels where exchange of substances occurs between blood and tissues.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Hemoglobin

Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

Accessory Organs of Digestion

Organs like the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder that aid in digestion.

Villi

Small finger-like projections in the intestines that increase surface area for nutrient absorption.

Peristalsis

Involuntary contractions that move food through the digestive system.

Cilia

Tiny hair-like structures that help move mucus and pathogens out of the respiratory tract.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Tendons

Connective tissues that connect muscles to bones.

Ligaments

Connective tissues that connect bones to other bones.

Organ System Interactions

How different organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis; for example, respiratory and circulatory systems collaborate in gas exchange.

Diseases of Organ Systems

Various conditions that affect specific organ systems, along with prevention and treatment.