Final review main questions

Interstitial fluid contains or is

Found in the spaces between cells and becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries

All of the following are part of the immune system EXCEPT

Platelets

All of the following describe areas of lymph node concentration EXCEPT

Bone marrow

Atopy is

A hypersensitivity or allergic state

Helper or suppressor cells are types of

T cells

Examples of immunoglobulins

IgA, IgG, IgE

Oropharyngeal lymph tissue

Tonsils

Mediastinal T-cell producer

Thymus

Nasopharyngeal lymph tissue

Adenoids

Abdominal organ that filters erythrocytes and activates lymphocytes

Spleen

Produces lymphocytes, monocytes, and all other blood cells

Bone marrow

Cytotoxic cells are

T-cell lymphocytes

Interferons and interleukins are

Antiviral proteins produced by T-cell lymphocytes

Slight increase in numbers of lymphocytes

Lymphocytosis

Pertaining to poison

Toxic

Computerized x-ray imaging in the transverse plane

CT scan

HIV is

The virus that causes AIDS

Malignant tumor of lymph nodes

Hodgkin lymphoma

Viral infection causing blisters on skin of lips, nose, or genitals

Herpes simplex

Cancer arising from the lining cells of capillaries, producing bluish red skin nodules

Kaposi sarcoma

Major lung infection with fever, cough, chest pain, and sputum. Treatment is with Bactrim

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia

Protozoal (parasitic) infection associated with AIDS. Produces pneumonitis, hepatitis, and encephalitis

Toxoplasmosis

Fungal infection associated with AIDS. Involves brain and meninges, lungs, and skin

Cryptococcosis

Carries blood to the lungs from the heart

PULMONARY ARTERY

Small artery

ARTERIOLE

Blue discoloration of skin due to hypoxia

CYANOSIS

Pacemaker of the heart

SINOATRIAL NODE

Largest artery in the body

AORTA

Localized widening of an arterial wall

ANEURYSM

Contraction phase of the heartbeat

SYSTOLE

Floating blood clot or other material

EMBOLUS

Fast heartbeat

TACHYCARDIA

Swollen, twisted veins in the rectal region

HEMORRHOIDS

Lower chamber of the heart

VENTRICLE

Positioned between the left upper and lower heart chambers

MITRAL VALVE

Failure of conduction of impulses from the AV node to the bundle of His

HEART BLOCK

Lower tip of the heart

APEX

Inner lining of the heart

ENDOCARDIUM

Smallest blood vessel

CAPILLARY

Hardening of arteries

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

Very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart

FIBRILLATION

Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart

PERICARDIUM

Listening for sounds using a stethoscope

AUSCULTATION

Mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies

Plasma cell

Immunoglobulin produced by lymphocytes to combat specific antigens

Antibody (Immunoglobulin)

Monocyte that migrates from the blood to tissue spaces; a phagocyte

Macrophage

Blood clotting

Coagulation

White blood cell containing granules and formed in bone marrow; granules do not stain intensely

Neutrophil

Abnormal condition of red blood cells that are irregularly shaped

Sickle cell anemia

Excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of factor VIII or factor IX necessary for clotting

Hemophilia

Blood protein that maintains the proper amount of water in the blood

Albumin

Change in structure and function of a cell as it matures

Differentiation

Method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge

Electrophoresis

Inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, usually seen in persons of Mediterranean background

Thalassemia

Substance that stops blood clotting

Anticoagulant

Immature erythrocyte

Reticulocyte

Any disease of the blood or bone marrow

Hematopathy

Large blue or purplish patches on the skin (bruises)

Ecchymoses

Percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood

Hematocrit

Infectious disease marked by increased numbers of leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes

Infectious mononucleosis

Sideropenia is the cause of this condition

Iron deficiency anemia

Lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the body

Pernicious anemia

Abnormal condition of rounded red blood cells

Spherocytosis

White blood cell with dark-staining red granules; elevated in allergic reactions

Eosinophil

Plasma minus clotting proteins and cells

Serum

Immature bone marrow cell that gives rise to granulocytes

Myeloblast

Abnormal condition of large red blood cells

Macrocytosis

Study of cells

Cytology

Destruction or breakdown of blood (red blood cells)

Hemolysis

The body system responsible for defense of the body is

Immune system

The body system responsible for circulating oxygen and removing waste is

Cardiovascular system

The connective tissue responsible for transporting nutrients and waste products around the body

Blood

This is the + or - of blood type, and represents an antigen found on some people's blood cells.

Rh factor

The suffix that means immature or embryonic cell (include the dash)

-blast

All blood cells come from this type of cell in the bone marrow (three words, one meaning blood formation)

Hematopoietic stem cell

Protein found on red blood cells that contains iron and carries oxygen molecules

Hemoglobin

Plasma protein found in the blood, converted to fibrin in clotting

Fibrinogen

Blood dyscrasia with not enough red blood cells; excessive destruction; example: hereditary spherocytosis

Hemolytic anemia

Very tiny bruise caused by multiple tiny hemorrhages on skin, often from low platelets

Petechiae

A commonly ordered lab test giving lots of information about blood

Complete blood count (CBC)

Procedure recommended when a person loses a lot of blood, requiring careful matching

Blood transfusion

The ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body's own antigens as 'self' or friendly.

Tolerance

Large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body.

Macrophage

Large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower and left side of the body.

Thoracic duct

Weakened or killed microorganisms given to induce immunity to infection or disease.

Vaccine

Protection that an individual is born with to fight infections.

Natural immunity

An antigen-presenting cell. Shows T and B cells what to attack.

Dendritic cell

Use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat or prevent disease.

Immunotherapy

T cells respond to antigens and destroy them; a type of adaptive immunity.

Cell-mediated immunity

Set of proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target.

Complement system

B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; a type of adaptive immunity.

B lymphocyte

Lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cells. Also called a CD4+ T cell.

Helper T cell

Protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens.

Humoral immunity

Protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens.

Antibody

Lymphocyte that directly kills antigens; called CD8+ T cell.

Cytotoxic T cell

One of its functions is to store blood.

Spleen

Type of disorder in which immune cells fail to recognize 'self' and react against normal cells.

Autoimmune disease

Where lymphocytes learn tolerance.

Thymus

Type of disorder in which the immune system is suppressed.

Immunodeficiency