chapter 10 study guide

land cover

the vegetation and manufacture structures that cover land

land use

human activities that occur on land

urban area

developed land covered mainly with buildings and roads that has a human population of 2500 or more

rural area

any other type of land use or land cover that has a population under 2500

urbanization

the shift of population from the countryside to urban areas

infrastructure

the facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of community, transportation, communications systems, water power and schools

heat island

an area in which the temperature is several degrees higher than that of the surrounding area

sprawl

the spread of low density urban or suburban development outward from and urban center

city planning

the attempt to design cities to as to maximize their functionality and beauty

geographic information system (GIS)

a computerized system for storing, manipulating and viewing geographic data

Zoning

one way planners put their decisions into practice/ the practice of classifying areas for different types of development and land use

urban growth boundary (UGB)

a line that city planners draw on a map to separate urban areas from areas the city would prefer to remain rural

smarth growth

a philosophy of urban growth that focuses on economic and environmental approaches that lead to sustainable growth and the ad

ecological restoration

the practice of restoring native communications

greenway

strips of vegetated open space that connects parks or neighborhoods are often located along rivers, streams, or canals

what are some examples of land cover

-Rangeland

-forest land

-cropland

-parks and preserves

-wetlands, mountains, deserts

-urban land

what are examples of land use

-grazing livestock

-harvesting wood, wildlife, fish, nuts, and other resources

- growing plants for food and fiber

-recreation, preservation, of native animal and plant communities and ecosystems

-residences, other buildings and roads

what are positive effects on urbanization

Efficiency- less fuel and resources needed to distribute goods and services to residents

Land preservation- dense urban centers leave room for agriculture, wilderness, biodiversity and privacy

what are negative effects on urbanization

Pollution- increased waste, industrial byproducts, noise pollution, light pollution

Heat islands- cities, several degrees warmer than the surrounding areas, affect local weather and trap pollutants

Imported resources- fossil fuels are burned to import food, water, fuel, and raw materials

what are the impacts of sprawl

transportation- little to no public transportation, increased commute

Pollution- increased driving leads to pollution

Public health- may promote inactivity, and by extension obesity and high blood pressure

Land use- less land left as open space, forests, and farms

Economics- wealth tending to concentrate in suburbs, leaving urban areas poor, tax money goes to suburbs

how does sprawl occur

-population growth

-increased per Capita land consumption

what are patterns of sprawl

Uncentered commercial strip development- businesses are arranged in a long strip along a roadway with no central community

Low density single-use residential development- homes are located on large lots in residential areas far from businesses

Scattered or leapfrog development- residential developments are built far from a city center and are not integrated with one another

what are sustainable cities

urban areas designed to minimize environmental impact—reducing pollution, waste, and carbon emissions—while ensuring long-term ecological balance, social equity, and economic viability

what is city planning

city planners attempt to design cities that both work well and look and feel appealing