Social Psych Exam IV

Group

2+ people interacting and working towards a goal interdependently, influencing each other.

Social roles

Shared expectations of how other people are supposed to behave.

Group cohesiveness

Qualities of a group that bind members and promote mutual liking.

Social facilitation

Tendency of individuals to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when in the presence of others and individual performance is evaluated.

Social loafing

Tendency of individuals to relax in the presence of others when individual performance cannot be evaluated.

Coordination loss

Productivity decreasing due to imperfectly coordinated effort.

Deindividuation

Loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can’t be identified.

Process loss

Aspect of group decisions that inhibits problem solving.

Transactive memory

Combined memory of a group that is more efficient than the memory of individuals.

Groupthink

Decision making that prioritizes cohesiveness over considering facts in a realistic manner.

Great person theory

The idea that there are certain key personality traits that make someone a great leader, regardless of situation.

Transactional leaders

Leaders who set short, clear goals.

Transformational leaders

Leaders who inspire followers to pursue common, long-term goals.

Contingency theory of leadership

Idea that leadership effectiveness depends on how task or relationship-oriented the leader is, and on the amount of control the leader has over the group.

Glass ceiling

Double standard for women that keeps them from succeeding as leaders.

Glass cliff

Women are more likely to be elected for crisis leadership positions than men, decreasing the likelihood of success.

Social dilemma

Individual beneficial decision that is harmful for all.

Negotiation

Process where opposing sides make offers and counteroffers until both sides agree.

Integrative solution

Outcome in conflict where people make trade-offs on things they value less and gain things they value more.

Prosocial behavior

Behavior performed with the intent to benefit another person.

Altruism

Desire to help another person, even if there is a cost to the helper.

Egoism

Helping is self-interested; the end state is to increase the helper’s own welfare.

Kin selection

Behaviors that help a genetic relative favored by natural selection.

Norm of reciprocity

Expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood they help us in the future.

Social exchange theory

The idea that everything we do is to maximize rewards and minimize costs.

Empathy altruism hypothesis

When we feel empathy for another person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons.

Empathy

Putting ourselves in the shoes of another person, experiencing events and emotions the way they do.

Urban overload hypothesis

City dwellers are constantly bombarded with stimulation, leading them to keep to themselves to avoid overwhelming.

Bystander effect

The greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any of them are to help the victim.

Diffusion of responsibility

Bystanders’ sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases.