Social Psych Exam IV

Group: 2+ people interacting and working towards a goal interdependently, influencing each other

Social roles: shared expectations of how others people are supposed to behave

Group cohesiveness: qualities of group that bind members and promote mutual liking

Social facilitation: tendency of individuals to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when in presence of others and individual performance evaluated- presence of others causes arousal, which facilitates the dominant response

Social loafing: tendency of individuals to relax in presence of others when individual performance CANNOT be evaluated

Coordination loss: productivity decreasing due to imperfectly coordinated effort

Deindividuation: loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can’t be identified

Process loss: aspect of group decisions that inhibits problem solving

Transactive memory: combined memory of group more efficient than memory of individuals

Groupthink: decision making that prioritizes cohesiveness over considering facts in realistic manner

Great person theory: there are certain key personality traits that make someone a great leader, regardless of situation

Transactional leaders: set short, clear goals

Transformational leaders: inspire followers to follow common, long term goals

Contingency theory of leadership: idea that leadership effectiveness depends on how task or relationship oriented the leader is, and amount of control leader has over group

Glass ceiling: double standard for women that keeps them from succeeding as leaders

Glass cliff: women more likely to be elected for crisis leadership positions than men, decreasing likelihood of success

Social dilemma: individual beneficial decision harmful for all

Harvesting dilemma (tragedy of the commons)

Contributions dilemma

Negotiation: opposing sides make offers and counteroffers until both sides agree

Integrative solution: outcome in conflict where people make trade offs on things they value less and gain things they value more

Prosocial behavior: behavior performed with intent to benefit another person

Altruism: desire to help another person, even if there is a cost to the helper

Egoism: helping is self interested; end state is increasing helper’s own welfare

Kin selection: behaviors that help a genetic relative favored by natural selection

Norm of reciprocity: expectation that helping others will increase likelihood they help us in the future

Social exchange theory: everything we do is to maximize rewards and minimize costs

Empathy altruism hypothesis: when we feel empathy for another person, we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain

Empathy: putting ourselves in the shoes of another person, experiencing events and emotions the way they do

Urban overload hypothesis: city dwellers constantly bombarded with stimulation, keeping to themselves to avoid overwhelming 

Bystander effect: the great the number of bystanders who witness and emergency, the less likely any of them are to help the victim

Bystander intervention decision tree: five steps that describe how people decide whether to intervene in an emergency (notice, interpret, assume responsibility, know how to help, decide to implement help)

Diffusion of responsibility: bystanders’ sense of responsibility to help decreases as number of witnesses increase