Parasitology Exam 1 (Ch 1-6, 17)

How long can a sample be refrigerated?

How long can a sample be refrigerated?

No more than 24 hours

What conditions should be noted of the feces?

Color, consistency, and presence of parasites/blood

If an owner is collecting a fecal sample what should be done?

The owner needs to witness the animal defecating and know exactly who the thumb-size sample is from. They need to note any signs of straining, blood in the feces, or other problems.

What animals can pooled/group samples be taken from?

Pigs, cattle, and other grouped animals (sheep, goats)

What are the two ways feces can be examined?

Gross and Microscopic examinations

When doing a gross examination what is noted?

Consistency, color, blood, mucus, age of feces, and gross parasites

What are the different microscopic examination procedures?

Direct fecal smear, simple flotation, centrifugal flotation, sedimentation, cellophane tape, and baermann

True/False: Direct fecal smear can be used as a sole method for evaluating the animal for parasites.

False

This fecal solution is readily available and doesn’t distort roundworm eggs. But this solution also floats fewer eggs and is messy to work with.

Sheather’s solution

This solution is the most efficient flotation solution, but it forms crystals on the slide and distorts the eggs over time. It’s more expensive that sugar solution but can be purchased already prepared.

Sodium nitrate solution

This solution is the least used for fecal flotation and corrodes lab equipment, distorts the eggs, and forms crystals. It’s inexpensive and readily available.

Saturated sodium chloride solution

This solution is similar to the sugar solutions and you can see cystic stages of intestinal protozoans with this being the best solution.

Zinc sulfate solution

This solution is inexpensive and readily available but forms crystals.

Magnesium sulfate solution

Which examination is best when suspecting trematode infections?

Fecal sedimentation

True/False: Dogs and cats can be hosts for pinworms.

False

What examination procedure is used to detect the eggs of pinworms?

Cellophane tape prep

What examination procedure is used to recover roundworm larvae from feces, soil, or animal tissue?

Baermann technique

What is the best test tube to use when collecting blood for testing and produces minimal distortion?

Lavender/Purple top

How much blood must be collected to prevent cell distortions?

1 mL of whole blood

What are the different blood examination procedures?

Direct smear, modified knott’s technique, and buffy coat method

Which blood procedure is the simplest blood parasite detection, and aimed primarily at detecting the motile forms of protozoans that may be destroyed by other methods?

Direct smear

What is the most common diagnostic tool used to evaluate dermatologic problems in animals?

Skin scrape

What is the main method for examining urine for parasites by microscope?

Examination of urine sediment

What is Parasitology?

The study of parasitic relationships

What is veterinary parasitology?

The study of parasitic relationships affecting domesticated, wild, exotic, and laboratory animals

What are the different types of symbiosis?

Predator-Prey, Phoresis, Mutualism, Parasitism, & Commensalism

What is the temporary or permanent association between a minimum of 2 living organisms?

Symbiosis

Which symbiotic relationship is extremely short term? (Ex. lion and zebra)

Predator - Prey

What is the relationship where the smaller symbiont is carried by the larger symbiont?

Phoresis

Which symbiont relationship is where both organisms benefit?

Mutualism

Which relationship is where one member benefits and the other is neither benefitted nor harmed.

Commensalism

Which relationship exists between two different species where one member lives in or on the other member and causes harm? (Ex. Ticks and a dog)

Parasitism

This occurs when the parasite is present on or within the host and can be pathogenic, but the animal doesn’t show any outward signs of disease.

Parasitiasis

This occurs when the parasite is present in or within the host and does produce obvious injury or harm to the host while the host exhibits obvious signs of disease.

Parasitosis

When a parasite lives on a host.

Ectoparasite

What can ectoparasites cause?

Infestations

What term is used for parasitism of an animal by an external parasite?

Ectoparasitism

When the parasite lives within the host.

Endoparasite

What can endoparasites cause?

Infections

What term is used for parasitism of an animal by an internal parasite?

Endoparasitism

What are chemical compounds that are used to treat specific internal and external parasites?

Parasiticides

What kills roundworms, tapeworms, flukes, and thorny headed worms?

Anthelmintics

Which parasiticide kills mites and ticks?

Acaricides

Which parasiticide kills insects?

Insecticides

Which parasiticide kills protozoan organisms?

Antiprotozoals

These occur when a parasite has wondered from its normal site of infection into an organ/location where it doesn’t normally live.

Aberrant parasite

These occur when a parasite is found in a host that it doesn’t usually live

Incidental parasite

This is a free living organism that is non-parasitic, but has the potential to become parasitic in some hosts.

Facultative parasite

This is a parasite that isn’t capable of leading a free-living existence. It requires a host to survive.

Obligatory parasite

This is a parasite that doesn’t have to live in/on the host all the time, it can make frequent visits to the host to obtain nourishment.

Periodic parasite

These are often mistaken for parasites, it’s a living creature or object that isn’t parasitic. (Ex. Pollen grains)

Pseudoparasite

Which host harbors the adult, sexual, or mature stages of the parasite?

Definitive

Which host harbors the larval, juvenile, immature, or asexual stages of the parasite until it’s passed to a definitive host?

Intermediate

This is a special type of intermediate host that the parasite doesn’t undergo any development so it stays encysted in the host’s tissues.

Paratenic

This is a vertebrate host in which the parasite/disease occurs in nature and is a source of infection for both humans and domestic animals. (Ex. Wolves/Coyotes)

Resevoir

This type of parasite only infects one type of host.

Homoxenous

This type of parasite has a very broad host range.

Euryxenous

Any disease or parasite that is transmissible from animals to humans.

Zoonosis

How do you properly write a parasite name?

A Latin name written in italics with the first word capitalized.

What are ectoparasites of fish, amphibians, and reptiles?

Monogenetic Flukes

Where are monogenetic flukes seen on their host?

Gills, skin, fins, & mouth

These are primarily endoparasites of the GI tract and are important of both large an small animals.

Digenetic Trematodes

What is the location of the egg that the larva hatches from?

Operculum

Tapeworms that don’t have an alimentary canal and absorb nutrients through the skin.

Eucetodes

Tapeworms with operculated eggs just like digenetic flukes.

Pseudotapeworms

These parasites can produce significant pathology in domesticated animals with both the adult and larvae.

Nematodes

These are uncommon parasites and they have a spiny proboscis on their anterior end.

Accanthecephalans

These parasites are known to produce significant pathology in both wild and domesticated animals.

Leeches

What is another use of leeches?

Used in medical field for numerous reasons

This parasite has the largest phylum in the animal kingdoms and are very important in veterinary medicine.

Arthropods

These are single celled organisms and have complex life cycles.

Protozoa

What is the largest nematode known to parasites domesticated animals?

Dioctophyma renale

What is the type of nematode egg that contains either a single cell or a morula (grape-like cluster of cells)?

Oviparous

What type of nematode egg contains a first-stage larva?

Ovoviviparous

What type of nematode retains the eggs within the body and produce live first-stage larvae?

Larviparous

How many stages are there in the life cycle of a nematode?

5 stages

What is the stage where the nematode larvae grows and molts?

L2 and L3

What is the stage where the nematode larvae is in the infective stage?

L3

What is the stage where the nematode larvae grows, molts, and migrates?

L4

What is the young adult stage of a nematode?

L5

Which life cycle is where there is no intermediate host in the life cycle?

Direct

Which life cycle is where there is an intermediate host in the life cycle?

Indirect

These nematodes are found in canines and felines within the lumen of the stomach/small intestine. They are obtained through the intestine of the egg while being found through fecal flotations and vomitus, and are typically called Stomach Worms.

Physaloptera spp.

Physaloptera spp.

Physaloptera spp.

These nematodes are found in canines and felines within the small intestine; they are obtained by ingestion of the eggs with infective larvae.

Toxocara leonina

These nematodes are found in canines within the small intestine; they are obtained by ingestion of the eggs with infective larvae.

Toxocara canis

These nematodes are found in felines within the small intestine; they are obtained by ingestion of the eggs with infective larvae.

Toxocara cati

Toxocara canis

Toxocara cati

Toxocara leonina

This parasite is found in a raccoon within the small intestine, they’re typically called the Raccoon Roundworm and are zoonotic.

Baylisascaris procyonis

Baylisascaris procyonis

These parasites are found in canines in the small intestine, they are typically known as the hookworm.

Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala

These parasites are found in felines in the small intestine, they are typically known as the hookworm.

Ancylostoma tubaeforme

These parasites are found in canines and felines in the small intestine, they are typically known as the hookworm.

Ancylostoma braziliense

A. caninum, A. tubaeforme, A. braziliense, and U. stenocephala

This parasite is zoonotic and can enter the skin of humans that’s known as cutaneous larva migrans.

A. caninum, A. tubaeforme, A. braziliense, and U. stenocephala

This parasite is found in the small intestine of dogs, cats, and humans and are commonly called the intestinal threadworm.

Strongyloides spp.

What is it called when a human is infected with a strongyloides spp?

Strongyloidiasis