Ethical Guidelines for Psychological Research

These flashcards cover the key ethical guidelines of psychological research, reflecting principles from the Belmont Report, APA standards, historical examples of unethical research, and the importance of informed consent and ethical treatment of human and animal subjects.

What are the three ethical principles of the Belmont Report?

Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.

What does the Principle of respect for persons entail?

It involves informed consent and providing special protection to groups with limited autonomy.

What is the primary obligation of researchers regarding Informed Consent?

Researchers must explain the study to participants and allow them to decide whether to participate.

What ethical violation was present in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

Participants were denied treatment despite its availability.

What does the principle of beneficence emphasize?

It emphasizes assessing and balancing potential risks to participants against benefits to society.

What historical study exemplifies unethical treatment due to lack of informed consent?

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study.

What does the phrase 'Balancing risk to participants with benefit to society' refer to?

It refers to the ethical decision-making in studies like the Milgram experiment.

What were participants told in the Milgram Study?

They were told they were 'teachers' administering shocks to a 'learner'.

What did the Nuremberg Code establish concerning research ethics?

It established the requirement of voluntary consent for participants.

What are the 'Three Rs' in animal research ethics?

Replacement, refinement, and reduction.

What must researchers use to minimize animal distress according to the 'Refinement' principle?

Modify procedures to minimize distress.

In regard to ethical principles, what does Justice refer to?

It questions who bears the burden of research participation.

How many ethical principles does the APA uphold?

Five ethical principles.

What does the APA principle of Fidelity and Responsibility stress?

Establishing relationships of trust between researchers and participants.

What is required by the Institutional Review Boards (IRB)?

They ensure that research with human participants is conducted ethically.

What ethical issue does data fabrication fall under in research ethics?

Research misconduct.

What justifies the use of deception in research according to APA standards?

If it is necessary for the study and participants are debriefed afterward.

What is the main purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

To interpret ethical principles and ensure ethical research conduct.

What is plagiarism in the context of academic research?

Representing someone else's ideas or words as one's own.

What is the role of the 'Debriefing' process in research?

To inform participants about the true nature of the study after their participation.

Which historical event highlighted the importance of ethical guidelines in research?

Nuremberg Code established after WWII.

What does 'p-hacking' refer to in research?

Manipulating data or analysis to produce statistically significant results.

How does open science relate to ethical research practices?

It promotes openness and reproducibility in scientific research.

What is the impact of academic incentive structures on research integrity?

They can lead to researchers prioritizing quantity of publications over quality.

What is a replication study?

A study that reproduces the same methods and procedures as the original study.

What is a core ethical principle related to animal research?

Adopting designs that require the fewest animal subjects possible.

What is meant by 'Questionable Research Practices' (QRPs)?

Practices that increase the likelihood of achieving false positive results in research.