Biology 1020 Final Exam #1

Tae Sachs Disease

________ is a rare disorder that results when a lipid digesting enzyme is missing from lysosomes.

Diffusion rate

________ through the plasma membrane varies according to the size, shape and chemical nature of the material.

Diffusion

________ is the ability of particles to spread out through any region.

Hydrolysis

________ will release glucose from the starch when energy is needed.

Inorganic phosphate

________ can be cleaved off of the ATP in order to release energy.

MRNA

________ made in the nucleus from the DNA template is exported through the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm when it will be used by the ribosome to synthesize protein.

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

________ was the first to observe living cells in 1674, bacteria that he named animalcules.

DNA

________ arranged as chromosomes is organized into functional units called genes.

Polymers

________ are broken down by adding water across a covalent bond.

Eukaryotes

________ are 10- 100μm in diameter.

Stanley Miller

________ is responsible for showing that the non- living synthesis of organic compounds is possible, this is important because it supports evolution.

Omega 3 fatty acids

________ can not be synthesized in the body and must be supplied by diet.

Triacylglycerol

________ (triglyceride) is formed when three fatty acids are attached to the glycerol neck.

Evolution

________ is the process of change that has allowed organisms to adapt to their environment.

Carbohydrates

________ are short branched chains.

Buffers

________ are substances that allow a solution to offset large and.

chloroplast

The ________ contains an inner and outer membrane separated by a thin inter-membranous space.

Nitrogenous bases

________ always protrude from the sugar phosphate backbone into the center.

Cholesterol

At low temperatures ________ interferes with close packing of fatty acid tails and interferes with freezing.

Prokaryotes

________: nucleus DNA is not bound by a membrane Single, circular chromosome Located in a region of the cell called the nucleoid Do not have membrane bound nuclei Can have additional external structures that promote attachment Includes Bacteria and Archaea.

carbonyl group

All sugars consist of a(n) ________

Organelles

________ are the various functional components present on the.

Tonicity

________ is mainly dependent on the concentrations of solute that are unable to cross a membrane.

Microscopes

________ were invented in 1590.Robert Hooke was the first to see and describe living cells in 1665, dead cells taken from Oak tree bark.

Lipids

________ are not formed from repeating monomers, they form a diverse group including fats, phospholipids and steroids.

Communities

________ consist of all of the different organisms that are living in a particular.

genome

The ________ is the entire DNA content of the organism, arranged into chromosomes.

Phospholipids

________: Form a major component of cell membranes.

doesnt persist

Hydrolyzed at an increased rate when the cell needs energy but ________ for very long in the cell unless it is replenished.

plasma membrane

The ________ forms the boundary of every cell.

Solids

________ are always more dense than gas where density is the number of particles (molecules) per unit area with the exception of water.

vacuoles

Some ________ in flowering plants also contain pigments which work to attract pollinators.

Osmosis

________ is the movement of water across a semi- permeable membrane.

Steroids

________: Four fused rings that form a carbon skeleton.

Humans

________ have 46 chromosomes in somatic cells: diploid.

cytoskeleton

The ________ is a network of protein fibers that extend throughout the cell cytoplasm and:

bound ribosome

As the polypeptide is synthesized by a(n) ________ it is inserted into the cavity of the rough ER via a protein pore Once inside the ER the protein folds into its final 3D shape.

Ice

________ has a smaller density than liquid water which explains why ________ cubes float in water.

O C OH

Carboxyl group: ________, acts as an acid.

H+

Acids: Dissociate when placed in water, release ________ ions.

somatic cells

Dogs have 78 chromosomes in ________: diploid.

Enzymes

________ are protein polymers that increase the rate of reactions.

polar molecules

Transport proteins substantially increase the speed that ________ are able to cross the membrane.

Membrane

________ is permeable to water but not to a solute.

Protists

________: single celled protozoans and algae (single and multi- cellular), formerly a fourth Kingdom.

Nucleic acid polymers

________ are formed from nucleotide monomers.

Aldehydes

________ if the carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton.

Nucleic acids

________ range from long to very long in length (1000s to 100s of thousands of nucleotides)

Hierarchy of organization

Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organs and organ systems, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules

All living things on Earth are within what is called the biosphere

Consists of all environments on Earth that support life, Includes most areas of land, water bodies and the lower atmosphere, Within the biosphere

Example

A lady bug from the lady bug population, a deer from the deer population

Example

the heart is composed of muscle tissue, connective tissue etc

Molecules are made up of a cluster of atoms, example

DNA, protein, sugar molecules

Ecosystems can be characterized in 2 ways

Recycling of chemical nutrients and Energy flow

Recycling of Chemical nutrients

Basic chemicals needed for life (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, etc) flow from air and soil to plants, animals and decomposers and then back to the air and soil

Energy Flow

Energy is constantly gained and lost from an ecosystem

Kingdom Fungi

molds, yeasts and mushrooms

**Protists

single celled protozoans and algae (single and multi-cellular), formerly a fourth Kingdom

Hydrogen Bonds

oppositely charged atoms in different water molecules form hydrogen

A dissolved substance called a solute

examples include sugar and salt

Glucose

C 6H 12O6

Acids

Dissociate when placed in water, release H+ ions

The greater the amount (concentration) of OH

in the solution, the greater the pH of the solution

pH Scale

Measured on a scale of 0-14

A solution with a pH of 7 is considered neutral, the amount of H+ in solution is equal to the amount of OH

in solution

Trans isomer

The X substituents are on opposite sides of the double bond

Carbonyl group (ketones and aldehydes)

C=O

Carboxyl group

O=C-OH, acts as an acid

Cellulose

a major component of the plant cell wall

Chitin

polysaccharide component of fungal cell wall

Fatty acid is composed of

Carboxylic acid and a non-polar tail

Phospholipids

Form a major component of cell membranes

Steroids

Four fused rings that form a carbon skeleton

Acidic

donate protons in solution becoming anionic

Tertiary Structure

Formed from chemical interactions between R groups of individual amino acids that form the polypeptide Disulfide bonds form between S of cysteine amino acids in the polypeptide chain

C

G

Artifacts

seen in the microscope image but are not present in the actual sample, which is a problem with all types of microscopy

Light microscope

Any microscope that uses visible light to observe specimens

Calculating Magnification for a compound microscope

Total magnification= objective lens magnification X ocular lens magnification

The General Principle of Resolution

The shorter the wavelength of light the better the resolution will be

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Can only be used to view the surface of an object

Prokaryotes

Pro=before karyon=nucleus DNA is not bound by a membrane Single, circular chromosome Located in a region of the cell called the nucleoid Do not have membrane bound nuclei Can have additional external structures that promote attachment Includes Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotes

Eu=true karyon=nucleus DNA is located inside of a nucleus, bound by a double membrane Multiple, linear chromosomes Additional DNA is located in other areas of the cell Ex) inside of the mitochondria Also have membrane bound organelles Perform various cellular functions Includes protists, fungi, plants and animals

Chromosomes

Composed of DNA Genetic material Forms the ‘recipe for protein synthesis

Ribosomes

Serve to synthesize proteins according to information that originates within the DNA sequence They are different sizes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes → excellent target for antibiotics → selective toxicity

Humans have 46 chromosomes in somatic cells

diploid

Dogs have 78 chromosomes in somatic cells

diploid

Free in the cytoplasm

Make proteins destined to stay in the cell

Inter-membranous space

narrow region between the inner and the outer membrane

Mitochondrial matrix

enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane Houses DNA, ribosomes and many of the enzymes needed for cellular respiration The inner membrane has many folds called cristae and contains protein molecules that function to synthesize ATP Increased surface area allows for greater ability to synthesize energy

Peripheral membrane proteins

Not embedded in the membrane Loosely bound to the surface of the cell Attachment is often to exposed integral proteins Attachment on the cytoplasmic side is to the cytoskeleton Attachment on the extracellular side is to the extracellular matrix

Providing a stronger membrane framework

integrins for example Integrins bound to the cytoskeleton on the inside of the cell and to the extracellular matrix on the outside of the cell

For cell to cell recognition

Ex) Glycoproteins Outside surface of the membrane has carbohydrates bound to either membrane proteins or membrane lipids Carbohydrates vary among different species, different individuals and different cell types Allow immune cells to recognize and reject foreign cells such as bacteria and transplanted tissues

Channel proteins

form a hydrophilic channel through the membrane Ex) aquaporins allow the movement of 3 billion water molecules per second

Carrier Proteins

Physically grab and escort material through the membrane These proteins undergo conformational changes Show a high degree of substrate specificity Glucose transporters show a 50,000 fold increase in rate of transport

Evolution

What is the process of change that has allowed organisms to adapt.

Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organs and organ systems, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules

List the hierarchy organization in order of largest to smallest seperated by a comma.

Biosphere

All living things on Earth are within what?

Ecosystem

What encompass all living organisms and non-living matter existing within a particular environment including all components the living organisms interact with?

Community

What consists of all of the different organisms that are living in a particular ecosystem?