Nay English Reformation

What was Martin Luther’s true reasoning for hanging the 95 Theses on the door of Wittenberg Church?

He was upset that the church was selling indulgences in Saxony, so he posted the 95 Theses. They were written in Latin and very technical. He wanted to debate with other theologians. They were taken from the church door and translated into vernacular with the printing press, which he might have known would happen, and wanted to start a revolution.

What was the significance of Martin Luther saying “Here I stand, I can do no more.” at the Diet of Worms.

It marks the dawn of a new era by a normal person standing up against the Pope/church. Defining moment of personal and institutional freedom. Affects the political and cultural history of Europe and the Americas.

What is the importance of King Henry VIII’s social life to the English Reformation?

He married Catherine of Aragon, who was his brother’s widow, and they had one child, Mary Tudor. When he wanted a divorce from Catherine the Pope, Clement VII, denied it. The Pope was influenced by Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, who was Catherine’s nephew. He created Anglicanism so that he could marry Anne Boleyn. By becoming a Protestant, he altered the political makeup of England and its colonies.

What is the importance of 1588 in English history?

In the year 1588, the English defeat the Spanish Armada. This defeat marks the beginning of the slow decline of Spain. It also marks the beginning of England becoming a world and imperial power.

What is the importance of Richelieu in the 30 Years War?

He was the foreign minister for France and was Catholic. He entered the war to prevent the Holy Roman Empire from becoming too strong. However, when the 30 Years War began, he took the side of the Protestants. This was an act of raison de’etat, which is when you take the best interest of your nation over anything else.

What document ended the 30 Years War, who negotiated it, and what were the 5 points of it.

The Treaty of Westphalia, Cardinal Mazarin, France obtains Alsace, religious toleration in Europe, Sweden takes land near the Baltic Sea, Holy Roman Empire decline, Dutch republic is independent

What are the 3 main beliefs of Martin Luther?

Salvation is based on your faith alone, the Bible is the final authority for Christian life, all believers have priesthood

What are the three families of France and their religions?

Valois- Catholic, Bourbon- Protestant, Guise- Catholic and Spain

What were the three reasons for the war with the Spanish Armada?

tensions between Catholics and Protestants, English raids on Spain, and Mary Stuart being executed

What 2 families and their states are going to influence central Europe?

Hapsburg - Austria, Hohenzollerns - Prussia

Mary Tudor

Henry VIII’s daughter with Catherine of Aragon. Known “Bloody Mary” because of all the Protestants she executed.

Mary Stuart

Queen of Scots. Elizabeth I had her executed.

Elizabeth I

Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Protestant Queen of England that was known as the Virgin Queen because she never married. She supported the Sea Dogs which caused a war with Spain.

Lady Jane Grey

9 day Queen, was executed by Mary Tudor.

John Hus

A protestant who was influenced by Wycliffe’s ideas, but wanted reform brought to the Catholic Church. The Council of Constance declared him a heretic and he was executed.

John Wycliffe

From England, believed the true head of the church was Jesus Christ, clergy should live in poverty, and the Bibly is the authority of Christian life.

Phillip II

Son of Charles V. Married Mary Tudor, and when she died he proposed to Elizabeth, but she denied his proposal. King of Spain and would later conquer Portugal. Organized the Spanish Armada to fight England. Catholic.

The Escorial

Phillip II’s palace

Anabaptists

Protestant group that believed in the separation of church and state

Huguenots

French Calvinists

John Knox

leader of the Scottish Reformation

John Calvin

leader of the reformation in Geneva, Switzerland

Huldrych Zwingli

leader of the reformation in Zurich, Switzerland

Edict of Nantes

Document proposed by Henry IV that granted religious tolerance

Henry IV

Converted to Catholicism and was killed by a Catholic monk