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35 Terms

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Checks and balances
The system that ensures no one branch of government has too much power.
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Lawmaking process
Congress makes laws, the president enforces them, and courts review them.
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Bicameralism
The practice of having two legislative chambers, which slows down the lawmaking process.
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Enumerated powers
Powers explicitly listed in the Constitution.
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Implied powers
Powers not expressly stated in the Constitution but necessary to carry out enumerated powers.
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Necessary and Proper Clause
Allows Congress to make laws needed to execute its enumerated powers.
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Speaker of the House
The presiding officer of the House of Representatives.
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Committee system
Group of members that drafts, revises, and reviews bills.
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Ways and Means Committee
Handles taxation matters in Congress.
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Rules Committee
Sets the debate rules for the House of Representatives.
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Finance Committee
Oversees Senate taxation and spending decisions.
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Discharge petition
A means to force a bill out of committee for a floor vote.
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Discretionary spending
Optional spending set by annual appropriations.
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Mandatory spending
Required by law and includes entitlement programs.
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Pork-barrel legislation
Funds local projects to benefit a specific lawmaker’s district.
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Log-rolling
Trading votes among legislators to pass each other's bills.
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Divided government
When different parties control Congress and the presidency, leading to legislative gridlock.
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Trustee model
Lawmakers vote based on their judgment rather than constituents' wishes.
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Delegate model
Lawmakers follow the wishes of their constituents.
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Politico model
Lawmakers balance between the trustee and delegate models.
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Gerrymandering
Manipulating district boundaries for political advantage.
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Baker v. Carr (1961)
Allowed courts to hear redistricting cases.
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Shaw v. Reno (1993)
Ruled racial gerrymandering unconstitutional.
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Executive orders
Directives issued by the president to manage the operations of the federal government.
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Signing statements
Statements made by the president interpreting and explaining a law upon signing.
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Senate confirmation
The process by which the Senate approves presidential appointments.
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Federalist 70
Argues for a single, strong executive for accountability and efficiency.
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22nd Amendment
Limits the president to two terms in office.
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Bully pulpit
A powerful platform for the president to influence public opinion.
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Bureaucracy
The administrative system responsible for enforcing laws and regulations.
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Discretionary authority
The flexibility agencies have in interpreting and enforcing laws.
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Civil service system
A system where government jobs are filled based on merit.
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Iron Triangle theory
The relationship among Congress, bureaucracies, and interest groups.
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Issue Network theory
Broader coalitions that influence policy beyond the Iron Triangle.
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Congressional oversight
The review and monitoring of federal agencies by Congress.