Pharmacology-Midterms-Transes

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Chemicals that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change.

Drugs

The study of the biological effects of chemicals.

Pharmacology

The branch of pharmacology that uses drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnose disease.

Pharmacotherapeutics/Clinical pharmacology

The drug's effects on the body.

Pharmacodynamics

The body's response to the drug.

Pharmacokinetics

Natural (plants, animal products), synthetic, genetic engineering, inorganic compounds.

Sources of drugs

Preclinical trials, phase I studies, phase II studies, phase III studies, FDA approval.

Drug evaluation

Category A, Category B, Category C, Category D, Category X.

FDA pregnancy categories

Regulates the manufacturing, distribution, and dispensing of drugs with abuse potential.

Controlled Substances Act

Drugs no longer protected by patent and can be produced by companies other than the one that developed it.

Generic drugs

Available without a prescription and deemed safe when used as directed.

OTC drugs

Drugs that have a limited market or narrow margin of safety.

Orphan drugs

The study of the interactions between the chemical components of living systems and drugs.

Pharmacodynamics

Protein molecules present on the cell surface that receive signals from outside the cell.

Receptor sites

Drugs that produce a response by binding to a receptor on the cell.

Agonists

Drugs that oppose the action by binding to the receptor and blocking its effectiveness.

Antagonists

React with certain chemicals to cause an effect within the cell.

Receptor sites

Enzyme systems work in a cascade fashion, and if a single step is blocked, normal cell function is disrupted.

Drug-Enzyme Interactions

The ability of a drug to attack only foreign cells without disrupting normal human cell functioning.

Selective Toxicity

The amount of a drug required to produce a

Critical Concentration

Drugs designed to target foreign organisms that have invaded and infected the body.

Anti-infective agents

Drugs used for treating diseases caused by abnormal human cells, such as cancers.

Antineoplastics

Actions taken by anti-infective agents to interfere with the normal function of invading organisms and cause cell death.

Therapeutic actions

The ability of microorganisms to adapt to anti-infective drugs and become unaffected by them.

Resistance

Infections that occur when opportunistic pathogens invade tissues due to a disruption in the normal flora bacteria.

Superinfections

Chemicals that inhibit specific bacteria and can be made from living microorganisms, synthetic manufacture, or genetic engineering.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics that directly kill bacteria.

Bactericidal

Antibiotics that prevent the growth of bacteria.

Bacteriostatic

Bacteria with cell walls that resist decolorization during staining and are found in respiratory tract and soft tissues.

Gram-positive bacteria

Bacteria with cell walls that are decolorized by alcohol during staining and are found in genitourinary or gastrointestinal systems.

Gram-negative bacteria

Antibiotics that interfere with biochemical reactions common to many organisms.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

Antibiotics that irreversibly bind to bacterial ribosomes, leading to misreading of the genetic code and cell death.

Aminoglycosides

Broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Carbapenems

Cephalosporins

Antibiotics that inhibit cell membrane synthesis and are used to treat serious infections in various body systems.

First-generation cephalosporins

Antibiotics introduced in the 1960s that are largely effective against the same Gram-positive bacteria as penicillin.

PEcK

An acronym for the bacteria P. mirabilis, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae, which are susceptible to first-generation cephalosporins.

Second-generation cephalosporins

Antibiotics that are less effective against Gram-positive bacteria but effective against H. influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Neisseria spp.

Third-generation cephalosporins

Antibiotics that are effective against a wide range of bacteria, relatively weak against Gram-positive bacteria, but more potent against Gram-negative bacilli.

Fourth-generation cephalosporins

Antibiotics, such as Maxipime, that are active against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, including cephalosporin-resistant staphylococci and P. aeruginosa.

Ceftolozane-tazobactam (Zerbaxa)

A combination of a third-generation cephalosporin and a beta-lactamase inhibitor.

Therapeutic Actions and Indications

Cephalosporins have both bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects and are indicated for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria.

Pharmacokinetics

Cephalosporins are well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, with different generations having different absorption patterns.

Contraindications and Cautions

Cephalosporins should be used with caution in patients with known allergies to cephalosporins or penicillins, as well as in patients with hepatic or renal impairment, and pregnant or lactating patients.

Adverse Effects

Common adverse effects of cephalosporins include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, as well as potential for pseudomembranous colitis and CNS symptoms.

Clinically Important Drug-Drug Interactions

Cephalosporins can interact with aminoglycosides, oral anticoagulants, and alcohol, leading to increased risk of nephrotoxicity, bleeding, and disulfiram-like reaction, respectively.

Taste alterations

Changes in the sense of taste experienced by individuals taking certain medications or undergoing certain treatments.

Diarrhea

Frequent and loose bowel movements.

Loss of appetite

Reduced desire to eat or lack of interest in food.

Risk of C

Increased likelihood of developing diarrhea caused by the bacterium Clostridium difficile.

Nephrotoxicity

Toxicity or damage to the kidneys.

Red man syndrome

A condition characterized by flushing, sweating, and low blood pressure, often caused by certain antibiotics.

Macrolides

Antibiotics that bind to the subunit of the ribosome within bacterial cells and interfere with protein synthesis.

Therapeutic Actions and Indications

The actions and uses of a medication for therapeutic purposes.

Bactericidal

Capable of killing bacteria.

Bacteriostatic

Capable of inhibiting the growth or reproduction of bacteria.

Pharmacokinetics

The study of how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body.

Cross sensitivity

The occurrence of an allergic reaction to a substance that is similar to one previously encountered.

Adverse Effects

Undesirable or harmful effects of a medication.

Superinfections

Infections that occur as a result of the loss of normal flora in the body.

Oxazolidinones

Antibiotics that interfere with protein synthesis on the bacterial ribosome within bacterial cells.

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

Substances that inhibit the activity of the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which plays a role in the breakdown of certain neurotransmitters.

Contraindications

Factors or conditions that make a particular treatment or medication inadvisable or unsafe.

CNS effects

Effects on the central nervous system.

Drug-Drug Interactions

Interactions between different medications that can affect their effectiveness or increase the risk of side effects.

Monobactam

A type of antibiotic effective against Gram-negative enterobacteria and with no effect on Gram-positive or anaerobic bacteria.

Pseudomembranous colitis

Inflammation of the colon characterized by the formation of pseudomembranes.

Ketolides

Antibiotics that block protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria.

Lincosamides

Antibiotics similar to macrolides but with higher toxicity.

Lipoglycopeptides

Antibiotics that prevent the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall.

Upper respiratory infections (URIs)

Infections that affect the nose, throat, and sinuses.

Foamy urine

Urine that appears frothy or bubbly.

Serotonin syndrome

A potentially life-threatening condition caused by excessive serotonin activity in the brain.

MAO inhibitors

Substances that inhibit the activity of the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which plays a role in the breakdown of certain neurotransmitters.

Gram-negative enterobacteria

A group of bacteria that are commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract and can cause infections in humans.

Incompatible

Not able to be mixed or combined together.

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