Unit4

Conduction

The process by which heat, electricity, or sound is directly transmitted through a substance without movement of the substance itself.

Electric Field

A region around a charged particle or object where an electric force is exerted on other charges.

Electric Force

The force exerted by charged objects on one another, described by Coulomb's law.

Electromagnet

A magnet created by an electric current flowing through a wire coil, often wrapped around a metal core.

Generator

A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, usually by rotating a coil within a magnetic field.

Induction

The process of generating an electric current in a conductor by changing the magnetic field around it.

Magnetic Field

A region around a magnet, electric current, or moving charged particle where magnetic forces are exerted.

Magnetic Force

The force a magnetic field exerts on moving charges, magnetic materials, or currents.

Motor

A device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy by using electromagnetic principles.

Polarization

The separation of charges within an object, resulting in one side becoming positively charged and the other negatively charged.

Transformer

A device that increases or decreases the voltage of an alternating current using electromagnetic induction.

Attractive Force

A force that pulls objects toward each other, such as the force between opposite charges or opposite magnetic poles.

Charge

A fundamental property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electric field, commonly positive or negative.

Coulomb

The SI unit of electric charge, equal to the charge transferred by a current of one ampere in one second.

Coulomb's Constant

A proportional constant (k≈8.99×10⁹ N·m²/C²) used in Coulomb's law to calculate electric force.

Current

The flow of electric charge through a conductor, measured in amperes (A).

Coulomb's Law

A law stating that the force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Faraday's Law

A law of electromagnetic induction stating that a change in magnetic flux through a circuit induces an electromotive force in the circuit.

Insulator

A material that does not allow electric charge to flow freely through it, such as rubber or glass.

Lenz's Law

A principle stating that an induced current will flow in a direction that opposes the change in magnetic flux that caused it.

Repulsive Force

A force that pushes objects away from each other, such as the force between like charges or like magnetic poles.

Circuit

A complete, closed path through which electric current flows.

Ohm's Law

A law stating that the current (I) in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage (V) and inversely proportional to the resistance (R), expressed as I=V/R.

Parallel Circuit

A circuit where components are connected across multiple paths, so the current divides among the branches.

Potential Difference

The work done per unit charge in moving a charge between two points in an electric field, measured in volts.

Resistance

The opposition to the flow of electric current in a material, measured in ohms (Ω).

Series Circuit

A circuit where components are connected end-to-end in a single path, so the same current flows through all components.

Ampere (Amp)

The SI unit of electric current, representing one coulomb of charge passing through a point per second.

Ohm

The SI unit of electrical resistance, equal to one volt per ampere.

Resistor

A component in a circuit that resists the flow of electric current, used to control current and voltage levels.

Switch

A device that can open or close a circuit, stopping or allowing the flow of electric current.

Volt

The SI unit of electric potential difference, representing one joule of energy per coulomb of charge.

Voltage

The electric potential difference between two points, which drives the flow of electric current in a circuit.