Unit4

Conduction: The process by which heat, electricity, or sound is directly transmitted through a substance without movement of the substance itself.

Electric Field: A region around a charged particle or object where an electric force is exerted on other charges.

Electric Force: The force exerted by charged objects on one another, described by Coulomb's law.

Electromagnet: A magnet created by an electric current flowing through a wire coil, often wrapped around a metal core.

Generator: A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, usually by rotating a coil within a magnetic field.

Induction: The process of generating an electric current in a conductor by changing the magnetic field around it.

Magnetic Field: A region around a magnet, electric current, or moving charged particle where magnetic forces are exerted.

Magnetic Force: The force a magnetic field exerts on moving charges, magnetic materials, or currents.

Motor: A device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy by using electromagnetic principles.

Polarization: The separation of charges within an object, resulting in one side becoming positively charged and the other negatively charged.

Transformer: A device that increases or decreases the voltage of an alternating current using electromagnetic induction.

Attractive Force: A force that pulls objects toward each other, such as the force between opposite charges or opposite magnetic poles.

Charge: A fundamental property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electric field, commonly positive or negative.

Coulomb: The SI unit of electric charge, equal to the charge transferred by a current of one ampere in one second.

Coulomb's Constant: A proportional constant (k≈8.99×109 N\cdotpm2/C2k ≈ 8.99 × 10^9 \, \text{N·m}^2/\text{C}^2k≈8.99×109N\cdotpm2/C2) used in Coulomb's law to calculate electric force.

Current: The flow of electric charge through a conductor, measured in amperes (A).

Coulomb's Law: A law stating that the force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Faraday's Law: A law of electromagnetic induction stating that a change in magnetic flux through a circuit induces an electromotive force in the circuit.

Insulator: A material that does not allow electric charge to flow freely through it, such as rubber or glass.

Lenz's Law: A principle stating that an induced current will flow in a direction that opposes the change in magnetic flux that caused it.

Repulsive Force: A force that pushes objects away from each other, such as the force between like charges or like magnetic poles.

Circuit: A complete, closed path through which electric current flows.

Ohm's Law: A law stating that the current (III) in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage (VVV) and inversely proportional to the resistance (RRR), expressed as I=V/RI = V/RI=V/R.

Parallel Circuit: A circuit where components are connected across multiple paths, so the current divides among the branches.

Potential Difference: The work done per unit charge in moving a charge between two points in an electric field, measured in volts.

Resistance: The opposition to the flow of electric current in a material, measured in ohms (ΩΩΩ).

Series Circuit: A circuit where components are connected end-to-end in a single path, so the same current flows through all components.

Ampere (Amp): The SI unit of electric current, representing one coulomb of charge passing through a point per second.

Ohm: The SI unit of electrical resistance, equal to one volt per ampere.

Resistor: A component in a circuit that resists the flow of electric current, used to control current and voltage levels.

Switch: A device that can open or close a circuit, stopping or allowing the flow of electric current.

Volt: The SI unit of electric potential difference, representing one joule of energy per coulomb of charge.

Voltage: The electric potential difference between two points, which drives the flow of electric current in a circuit.