Chapter 3: Phonology

Sonorants

Sonorants

________- produced with a relatively open passage for airflow (nasals, liquids, glides, and vowels)

Obstruents

________- produced with an obstruction of the airflow (fricatives, stops, and affricates)

Free variation

________- two different sounds that appear in the same phonetic environment, but can be used interchangeably without changing the meaning of the word.

Phonetic inventories

________- the sounds that are produced as part of the language.

Phonology

________- the study of how sounds are organized within a language and how they interact with each other.

Labial

________- referring to [f] and [v] together with [p], [b], [m], [w], and [w̩]

Insertion

________- causes a segment not present at the phonemic level to be added to the phonetic form of a word.

Phonotactic constraints

________- the rules and restrictions governing which sound sequences are possible in a language and which are not.

Metathesis

________- changes the order of sounds in order to make words easier to pronounce or understand.

Phonetic environment

________- the sounds that surround the target phone in a word.

Deletion

________- eliminates a sound that was present at the phonemic level.

Minimal pair

________- two words with different meanings whose pronunciations differ by only one sound.

Sibilant

________- segments that have a high- pitched, hissing sound quality ([s], [ʃ], [tʃ], [z], [ʒ], [dʒ])

Palatalization

________- a special type of assimilation in which a consonant becomes like a neighboring palatal.

Dissimilation

________- causes two adjacent sounds to become less similar with respect to some property, by means of a change in one or both sounds.

Natural class

________**- a group of sounds in a language that share one or more articulatory or auditory property, to the exclusion of all other sounds in that language.

Complementary distribution

________- sounds that do not occur in the same phonetic environment.

Allophone

________- each member of a particular phoneme set; the various ways that a phoneme is pronounced.

Contrastive distribution

________- a case in which two given sounds occur in the same phonetic environment, and using one rather than the other changes the meaning of the word.

Assimilation

________- causes a sound to take on a property from a nearby, often adjacent, segment.

Aspiration voiceless

________ stops become aspirated when they occur at the beginning of a stressed syllable.

Phonemes

________ are abstract psychological concepts that can not be directly observed in a stream of speech; only the allophones of a(n) ________ are.

Basic allophone

________- appears elsewhere than the conditions of the respective restricted allophone.

natural class

Ex)/t /and /d /are the ________ of alveolar (oral) stops.

complementary distribution

When sounds are in ________, there are no minimal pairs.

Phoneme

________- a set of speech sounds that are perceived to be variants of the same sound.