terms to memorize for apush unit 3 test

market revolution

A period of rapid growth in the U.S. economy during the early 19th century marked by the expansion of market participation.

Erie Canal

A man-made waterway that connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie, significantly boosting trade and making NYC a trade hub.

Lowell Mills

Textile factories in Massachusetts known for hiring young female workers under harsh working conditions.

cotton gin

A machine invented by Eli Whitney that revolutionized the cotton industry, greatly increasing the production of cotton.

impact of cotton gin on increased slavery

The cotton gin's efficiency in processing cotton led to a significant increase in the demand for slave labor in the South.

interchangeable machine parts

Uniform pieces that can be easily replaced, allowing for mass production and standardized manufacturing.

Panic of 1819

An economic crisis that led to widespread unemployment and a distrust of the National Bank, especially among Westerners.

king cotton

A term used to describe the dominant role of cotton in the Southern economy and its impact on national economy and politics.

Henry Clay’s American System

An economic plan that included protective tariffs, internal improvements, and a national bank.

sectional differences

Distinct economic and social differences between the North, South, and West of the United States.

impact of industrialization

Changing labor patterns, urbanization, and the emergence of new social classes as industries grew.

impact of War of 1812 and trade embargoes on northern manufacturing

Encouraged the growth of manufacturing in the North due to decreased reliance on British imports.

immigration: Irish immigrants

Massive influx of Irish immigrants fleeing the potato famine, leading to significant demographic changes.

Whigs/National Republican Party

Political groups that opposed Jackson's policies and criticized the expansion of executive power.

Indian Removal Act

Legislation aimed at forcibly relocating Indigenous peoples, resulting in significant suffering and loss.

Jacksonian Democracy

A political movement that advocated for greater democracy for the common man and reforms in voting rights.

Nullification Crisis

A confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government over the state's right to nullify federal laws.

Tariff of Abominations

A controversial tariff passed in 1828 that led to significant opposition from Southern states.

veto of the 2nd Bank of the United States

Andrew Jackson's decision to veto the recharter of the Second Bank, reflecting his opposition to centralized banking.

Second Great Awakening

A religious revival movement in the early 19th century that emphasized evangelism and reform.

cult of domesticity

A prevailing value system in the 19th century that emphasized women's roles in the home as mothers and wives.

resistance against slavery

Various forms of opposition to slavery, including protests, legal challenges, and rebellions.

abolitionists

Individuals and groups advocating for the end of slavery in the United States.

education reform movement

A push for improved educational opportunities and access, especially for marginalized groups.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women's rights convention held in 1848, demanding equal rights for women.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

An American essayist and philosopher known for promoting self-reliance and non-conformity.

Henry David Thoreau

A transcendentalist writer best known for his work on civil disobedience.

minstrel shows

Theatrical performances that promoted racist stereotypes about African Americans.