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Industrial Revolution

A period of significant industrial growth and change that began in Great Britain in the late 18th century and continued into the 19th century.

Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes loyalty and devotion to a nation, often in opposition to foreign influence or control.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means.

Bismarckian Conservatism

The political strategies and alliances created by Otto von Bismarck to achieve and maintain German unification.

Berlin Conference

A meeting held in 1884 where European powers divided Africa among themselves without consideration for indigenous populations.

Marxism

A socio-political and economic theory originating from Karl Marx that advocates for the class struggle and collective ownership of means of production.

Demographic changes

Alterations in population dynamics such as growth rates, birth rates, and migration patterns during industrialization.

Consumerism

The preoccupation of society with the acquisition of goods and services, particularly as a result of mass production in the Second Industrial Revolution.

Romanticism

An artistic and intellectual movement that emphasized emotion, individualism, and the glorification of the past and nature.

Realpolitik

A political system based on practical and material factors rather than moral or ideological considerations, associated with Otto von Bismarck.

Social Darwinism

A belief that societies evolve in a manner similar to natural selection, often used to justify imperialism and racism.

Dual Monarchy

The political structure established in Austria-Hungary in 1867, integrating two distinct regions under a single monarch.

Second Industrial Revolution

A phase of rapid industrial growth characterized by advancements in technology and mass production techniques, occurring in the late 19th century.

Freudian Psychology

Sigmund Freud's theory that explores the relationship between the conscious and subconscious mind, focusing on internal conflicts.

Zionism

A nationalist movement for the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, emerging in response to widespread anti-Semitism.

Urbanization

The process by which increasing numbers of people move to cities, often as a result of industrial growth and economic opportunities.

Luddism

A movement in the early 19th century where workers protested against mechanization in factories, fearing job loss.

Chartism

A working-class movement in Britain during the 1830s and 1840s that advocated for political reforms including universal suffrage.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority.

Utilitarianism

A philosophical theory that advocates for actions that promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number.

Proletariat

The working class, particularly in Marxist theory, which is seen as being exploited by the bourgeoisie.

Bourgeoisie

The capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and means of production, according to Marxist theory.

Socialism

An economic and political system where means of production are owned or regulated by the community or government.

Feminism

A social and political movement advocating for the rights and equality of women in all aspects of society.

Modernism

A cultural movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by a break from traditional forms and a search for new expressions.