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Overview of AP European History Period 3 (1815-1914)

• Focus: Industrialization, Nationalism, & Imperialism

• Important Timeframe: 1815 - 1914 CE

• Resource updates available periodically

• Study Tip: Understanding the order of events enhances comprehension of cause and effect.

Important Dates to Know

• 1830: Revolutions in France, Belgium, & Greece

• 1848: Liberal Revolutions

• 1848: Marx & Engel publish Communist Manifesto

• 1861: Unification of Italy

• 1861: Emancipation of Serfs in Russia

• 1871: Unification of Germany

• 1884: Berlin Conference (Scramble for Africa)

• 1900: Freud publishes Interpretation of Dreams

• 1905: Russian Revolution

Past Essay Questions from Period 3

• Key Insight: Content from this period has appeared frequently in exam essays.

• Notable prompts:

  • 2018: LEQ on European colonies

  • 2017: Various prompts examining social, war, and transport aspects

• Important Note: The AP Exam structure was revised in 2016. Earlier questions may not align with current formats but can provide practice.

Key Concepts and Course Outline

3.1 The Industrial Revolution

• Great Britain: First industrial dominance due to natural resources and private initiatives.

• Continental Europe: Gradual industrialization in countries like France; rapid in Prussia under gov. support.

• Second Industrial Revolution: Introduced new technologies and defined the market.

• Key Technologies: Electricity, railroads, telegraph improve integration and urbanization.

3.2 Impact of Industrialization on Everyday Life

• Development of new social classes and divisions of labor.

• Rise of the middle class and transformation of family structures.

• Working class experience improved through higher wages and better work conditions.

• Urbanization led to crowding in cities while rural areas saw labor declines.

3.3 Political Reactions to Economic Changes

• Emergence of New Ideologies: Liberals focused on individual rights while conservatives promoted traditional authority.

• Socialists: Advocated for wealth redistribution; Anarchists called for the abolishment of government.

• Nationalist movements arose in response to changing political climates.

3.4 Age of Nationalism and Revolution

• Concert of Europe aimed to maintain order but suppressed nationalist uprisings.

• Economic and political discontent led to the Revolutions of 1848.

• Key events like the unifications of Italy and Germany shifted European power dynamics.

3.5 Growth of Imperialism

• Colonial expansion in Africa and Asia sparked by national rivalries and economic motivations.

• The Berlin Conference coordinated European claims in Africa, igniting competition.

• Resistance movements formed against imperial powers influenced by educated locals.

3.6 Cultural and Intellectual Tensions

• Romanticism vs. Realism: Shift towards an emphasis on emotion in literature and art.

• New philosophical ideas, including Nietzsche's focus on irrationality and Freud's psychological theories, challenged previous norms.

• Innovations in art forms such as Impressionism and Cubism reflected modern stresses and changes.

Key Vocabulary from Period 3

• Political and Social Terms: Abolition, Anarchism, Conservatism, Liberalism, Nationalism, Socialism

• Cultural Figures: Charles Dickens, Karl Marx, Vincent Van Gogh

• Key Events: Berlin Conference, Industrial Revolutions, Crimean War

• Processes and Concepts: Consumerism, Urbanization, Realpolitik, Positivism

Study Tips

• Create flashcards for the key concepts and vocabulary.

• Review past essay prompts to understand testing styles and expectations.