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Interference
Direct and aggressive interaction between individuals.
Intraspecific
Competition with members of the same species.
Gause's Competitive Exclusion Principle
Two species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely.
Fundamental Niche
The full range of environmental conditions and resources a species can potentially occupy.
Realized Niche
The actual space a species occupies due to competition and other ecological interactions.
Exploitation Competition
Indirect inhibitory effects due to reduced resource availability.
Interference Competition
Direct inhibitory effects due to reduced resource use.
Mutualism
Interactions beneficial to both species involved.
Symbiosis
A specialized form of mutualism where species become physiologically integrated.
Mycorrhizae
A fungus/plant root association benefiting both parties.
In low-density populations, plant growth rates and weights increase. However, at higher population densities, competition for resources intensifies, leading to 'self-thinning' or mortality among competing plants.
It refers to competition between individuals of more than two species
two species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely. In a given set of conditions, one species will be a better competitor, leading to higher fitness and eventually excluding the other.
two species may have complete overlap in one or more dimensions, but they cannot have complete overlap in all dimensions. Complete overlap in all dimensions would make them the same species.
Balanus plays a role in determining the lower limit of Chthamalus within the intertidal zone, showing that niche restrictions are well understood but do not account for all actual patterns.
In the upper intertidal zone, removal of Balanus had little effect on Chthamalus, suggesting little competition. In the middle intertidal zone, the removal of Balanus had a major effect on Chthamalus, indicating significant competition.
Tribolium confusum and T. castaneum demonstrated interspecific competition under varied environmental conditions, restricting the realized niches of both species to fewer environmental conditions when grown together.
Beak depth in ground finches correlates with the size of seeds eaten, with individuals having the deepest beaks feeding on the hardest seeds.
Competition occurs where niches overlap concerning limited resources, leading to direct or aggressive interactions between individuals.
involve predators, parasites, and pathogens influencing the distribution, abundance, and structure of prey and host populations.
predation, herbivory, pathogens inducing disease, and parasitism.
Interference competition involves direct inhibitory effects arising from reduced use of resources or interference with resource acquisition.
Parasites may alter host behavior to increase the likelihood of being consumed by a predator, ultimately benefiting the parasite.
The predator directly influences the growth and survival of the prey, while prey density influences the growth and survival of the predator, leading to reciprocal selection pressures.
Parasitoids consume and kill the host, unlike typical parasites that aim to consume without killing the host.
Exploitation competition involves indirect inhibitory effects due to reduced availability of resources, where a competitor becomes a more effective exploiter/user.
Territoriality and allelopathy can lead to reduced success for individuals involved in interactions, affecting the fitness of exploited individuals.
Spiny-headed worms alter the behavior of amphipods to increase the likelihood of being eaten by a vertebrate host, showcasing a complex exploitative interaction.
Blister beetle larvae mimic female pheromones to swarm into male bees during mating attempts, then move to females during later mating efforts, consuming pollen, nectar stores, eggs, and larvae before returning to the burrow.
Exploitation can affect the distribution, abundance, and community structure by altering the biomass of benthic animals and reducing the abundance of their own food supply.
Mangemites caused hair loss, deterioration, and death in foxes, leading to a 70% decline in fox populations and an increase in mountain hares.
Abundance cycles refer to the fluctuating population levels of snowshoe hares and their predators, influenced by factors like habitat, food availability, and predation.
Elton proposed that abundance cycles were driven by variations in solar radiation.
Keith suggested that predator-prey dynamics could be influenced by decimation due to disease and parasitism, physiological stress at high density, and starvation from reduced food.
Predation can account for 60-98% of mortality during peak densities, as hare populations increase while their food supply decreases, leading to starvation and increased predation.
Mutualisms are interactions beneficial to both species. Facultative mutualisms are where species can survive without the interaction, while obligate mutualisms require the interaction for survival.
where the species involved become physiologically interconnected for mutual benefit.
provide plants with phosphorus and enhance root absorption. They form arbuscules for material exchange, have hyphae for growth, and vesicles for storage.
form a mantle around roots, increasing access to immobile nutrients.
with fertilization leading to less root allocation and potentially selecting for better mycorrhizal fungi competitors.
influenced by richness, evenness, and environmental complexity, with disturbance levels impacting diversity.
physiognomic (physical structure), species composition, trophic interactions, and temporal activity.
follows bell-shaped curves, with significant effort required to capture rare species due to the effect of sample size.
climatic stability, resource division. Predation and disturbance
suggests that both high and low levels of disturbance reduce diversity, while intermediate levels promote higher diversity.
Size, frequency, turnover, intensity, and severity.
appear paradoxical as they compete for the same nutrients in relatively simple environments, but environmental heterogeneity contributes significantly to their diversity.
organized in two ways: a large number of species within communities and a large number of plant communities with distinct species compositions in a given area.
only good competitors succeed.
It refers to the process where one species outcompetes another leading to the exclusion of the less competitive species.
lead to only tolerant species succeeding, with competitive exclusion likely prohibited and r-selected species favored.
account for a significant portion of the diversity in phytoplankton communities despite their competition for the same nutrients in relatively simple environments.
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