Plants Unit Review

What did the first plants evolve from?

They originated from aquatic green algae

What Kingdom are algae part of? Why?

It is a protist because they lack complex organs like leaves and stems that plants have. They also are usually unicellular.

What are xylem and phloem? What are their functions?

Xylem and phloem are the vascular tissue of the plants that transport key materials up and down the stem. Xylem carries water and phloem carries nutrients.

What is a bryophyte?

Bryophytes are nonvascular plants that lack true leaves, stems, and roots. They are commonly found in aquatic environments, like moss and ferns. 

How do bryophytes take up water?

Bryophytes take up water through osmosis and diffusion of the leaves because they do not have roots.

What is a rhizoid? What does it do?

Rhizoids are unicellular hair like structures that extend from the lower parts of the moss tissue. It absorbs water and minerals from the ground, and anchors the plant to the ground.

Why did the flowers and celery change color in colored water?

The xylem carries the colored water up the plant. When the petals and stem tissue absorbed the water, it took on the color of the water.

What are the 3 plant tissue systems and what does each do?

* Ground system: Does photosynthesis, stores water and carbohydrates, assists in transport by supporting the conduct tissue


* Dermal system: Covers the entire plant body to serve as a protective layer
* Vascular system: conducts and transports water, minerals, and other nutrients made by photosynthesis.

Which tissue system makes up the bulk of the interior of a plant?

Ground tissue makes up most of the interior of a plant. It carries out basic metabolic functions and stores food and water. 

Where does the xylem take water to?

It moves the water up the stem and to the leaves, where it leaves through the stomata.

What are the functions of roots and root hairs?

They are responsible for the uptake of water and nutrients from the soil. Root hairs help by increasing the surface area of the roots

When are the stomata of leaves usually open?

They will open during the day to allow more CO2 to enter. At night, they close to prevent transpiration and water loss.

What do guard cells do?

Guard cells block or open the stomata based on environmental conditions so that the plant can intake the maximum nutrients, while losing minimal water. 

How are cactus leaves adapted for survival? 

They are non-photosynthetic and the spiny leaves allow little transpiration. Rather, the stem performs photosynthesis instead. They have waxy coverings to prevent water loss.

Why are ferns considered primitive?

They lack a complex reproductive system. They still require water for the sperm to swim to the egg.

How are ferns able to live on land?

They still have vascular tissue which allows them to access water and nutrients from the ground. 

What were gymnosperms the first plants to do?

They were the first to have a vascular system. 

What structure produces pollen grains? (M or F?)

The male structures produce pollen, specifically the anther.

Why is the shape of the pollen from the pollen cone important?

They allow it to reach the specific flower it needs to pollinate. For example, pollen that may travel a great distance has a wing shape to move in the wind. 

What reproductive part of angiosperms evolved the most recently?

Angiosperms developed flowers and fruits (ovaries), most recently.

What is the difference between fruits and vegetables?

Fruits are the ripened ovary of the plant, while vegetables are actual parts of the plant like stems, leaves, etc. Fruits have seed, and vegetables do not.

What are examples of a tuber, root, bulb, flower cluster, stem, and leaf?

Potato, carrot, onion, broccoli, green onion, spinach

What are 5 differences between monocots and dicots?

* Monocots have one seed leaf on the embryo, and dicots have two.
* The leaf arrangement on monocots is in a cell pattern, while it is in a column pattern in dicots.
* Dicots have flower multiples of 4 or 5, but monocots have them in 3
* Monocot vascular tissue is scattered through the stem, and dicot tissue is arranged in rings.
* Roots of monocots are fibrous, and roots of dicots are taproot.

Describe how each seed dispersal method contributes to the spread of seeds.

* Explosive helps the plant eject seeds far from the parent plant


* Wind blows light seeds to other locations
* Animals eat seed-containing fruit and dispose of it elsewhere
* Water carries seeds in the current

How are fruits instrumental in the dispersal of seeds?

Fruits, including the seeds, are eaten by animals who then disperse the seeds in their stool. 

TEST QUESTION: Which plant hormone is incorrectly paired?

Cytokines; they do not promote stem growth.

TEST QUESTION: Where do most photosynthetic action take place?

In the mesophyll of the plant.

TEST QUESTION: In which reaction is sugar made in?

Sugar is made in the dark reaction. The products of the light reaction (oxygen, ATP, NADPH) are used to make glucose.

TEST QUESTION: What occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast?

The Calvin Cycle/Dark Reaction.

TEST QUESTION: How do nonvascular plants get water?

Through osmosis (stomata) and rhizoids.

What is photosynthesis?

The process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.

What is the photosynthesis equation?

6CO₂+6H₂O+Sunlight→C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂.

What is Thigmotropism?

The turning or bending of a plant or other organism in response to a touch stimulus.

What is Gravitropism?

A coordinated process of differential growth by a plant in response to gravity pulling on it.

What is Phototropism?

The ability of the plant to re-orient the shoot growth towards a direction of light source.

What is Transpiration?

Transpiration occurs when water vapor is released into the environment. This could be as a result of excess water or as a result of many other factors. The water vapor is let out by the stomata of the plant.

Do the size of leaves matter in survival?

Yes, if there is more leaf surface area, then there would be more stomata would would lead to the loss of water. Bigger leaves usually happen in wet environments while smaller leaves are typically found in drier locations.

Can non-green leaves carry out photosynthesis?

Yes, the green chlorophyll is present in the leaf, but is covered up by stronger pigments of other colors.

Why do leaves change color?

The non-green colors were masked by the presence of the strong green color created by the chlorophyll. They suddenly appeared in autumn as the different season allowed for varying amounts of daylight and other factors that made the plants lose their chlorophyll, which then allowed the other pigments already there to come out. 

What is the difference between fibrous and taproot roots?

A taproot is a single, large primary root that grows straight down from the stem of a plant while fibrous roots are smaller, secondary roots that spread out in all directions from the stem.

What is the cuticle?

A waxy coating surrounding leaves in order to reduce water loss.

What is the difference between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms?

Angiosperms are flowering plants and have seeds enclosed within their fruit.

Gymnosperms have no flowers/seeds and have naked seeds on the surface of their leaves.

What is the function of the Sepal?

The outer parts of the flower (often green and leaf-like) that enclose a developing bud. 

What are petals?

The parts of a flower that are often conspicuously colored and attract pollinators.

What is the stamen?

The pollen producing part of a flower, usually with a slender filament supporting the anther. 

What does the anther do?

 The part of the stamen where pollen is produced. 

What is the pistil’s job?

The ovule producing part of a flower. The ovary often supports a long style, topped by a stigma. The mature ovary is a fruit, and the mature ovule is a seed. (The female part of the flower)

What is the stigma’s job?

The part of the pistil where pollen germinates, sticky so that pollen can stick to it and pollinate the flowers ovaries. 

What is the ovary of a flower?

The enlarged basal portion of the pistil where ovules are produced.

What is a style in a flower?

It is a tube that connects the ovaries to the stigma.