History midtem

Cranbrook kerinen history midtem

Slavery pre-modern slavery

Refers to various systems of enforced labor that existed prior to the modern era, characterized by diverse forms of servitude and exploitation across multiple cultures and historical periods. These systems often relied on economic or social hierarchies to justify the oppression and subjugation of individuals.

New World Slavery

Denotes the system of chattel slavery established in the Americas, particularly between the 16th and 19th centuries, involving the forced transportation of enslaved Africans who were exerted as laborers in plantations and mines, constituting a significant aspect of the economic landscape of the New World.

Chattel Slavery

A specific type of slavery in which individuals are considered personal property that can be purchased, sold, or traded, and wherein the condition of servitude is often hereditary, passed from generation to generation.

Slave Codes

A series of legislations enacted to define the legal status of enslaved people and outline the rights of slaveholders. These codes established a rigid control system, institutionalizing racial discrimination and oppression.

Virginia Slave Law (1669)

A comprehensive set of laws created in Virginia that delineated the legal status of enslaved individuals. These laws justified extreme measures, such as the use of lethal force against enslaved persons who resisted their owners, solidifying the legal foundations of slavery.

Southern Colonies Slavery Relation

The deeply entrenched system of chattel slavery in the Southern Colonies, where the economic dependency on agricultural production led to the creation of strict slave codes and an entrenched social hierarchy organized by race.

Northern Colonies Slavery Relation

Although slavery existed in the Northern Colonies, its reliance was considerably limited; the economy focused more on trade, small-scale farming, and industry which created distinct social and political environments compared to the Southern Colonies.

Manumission

The legal process by which enslaved individuals are freed from servitude, often contingent on specific conditions or upon the completion of a predetermined period of service.

Daily Lives of Enslaved People

The everyday experiences and routines of enslaved individuals, which encompassed their labor, family dynamics, cultural practices, and the various forms of resistance against their oppression.

Cultural Contributions

The various influences and adaptations made by enslaved individuals, such as the integration of Christianity into their lives and the creation of spirituals that expressed their hopes, struggles, and cultural identity.

Amistad Rebellion (1839)

A significant uprising led by enslaved Africans aboard the ship Amistad, symbolizing the broader resistance against slavery and the struggle for freedom.

Economic Impact of Slavery

The crucial role slavery played in bolstering Southern economies, with a primary focus on agricultural production that relied heavily on the labor of enslaved individuals.

Population Ratios (Free:Slave)

In certain regions, the ratio of enslaved individuals to free white individuals reached as high as 7:1, highlighting the demographic imbalances created by slavery.

Urban Slavery

A form of slavery that granted enslaved individuals greater mobility and opportunities to earn wages, often associated with urban settings where they could work in various trades.

Slave Labor in the North

The presence of enslaved individuals in the North, who often worked as skilled artisans and laborers, albeit in smaller numbers than in the South.

Coded Messages in Songs

Spirituals created by enslaved individuals that contained hidden messages and symbols, often utilized to communicate escape plans and routes disguised as religious expression.

Cultural Adaptation

The strategies employed by enslaved individuals to build kinship networks that provided emotional support and a sense of community amidst oppression.

Discrimination Against Free Blacks

The systemic discrimination faced by free black communities, which included legal barriers, social inequalities, and widespread prejudice, limiting their rights and opportunities.

Bering Strait Land Bridge

The ancient migration route that connected Asia and North America, allowing the first Americans to enter the continent.

Stone Tools

The earliest forms of technology utilized by indigenous peoples, primarily for hunting and sustenance.

Incas

An advanced and sophisticated civilization that thrived in South America, conquered by Spanish conquistador Pizarro.

Mayans

A notable Mesoamerican civilization recognized for its achievements in architecture, mathematics, and astronomy.

Spanish Empire

The colonial power that dominated large parts of the Americas, exerting influence hrough conquest, colonization, and economic exploitation during the Age of Exploration.

Hernán Cortés

A Spanish conquistador famed for his conquest of the Aztec Empire in present-day Mexico.

Francisco Pizarro

A Spanish conquistador responsible for the conquest of the Inca Empire in present-day Peru.

Mercantilism

An economic theory advocating for government intervention in the economy to increase national wealth through trade surplus, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a favorable balance of trade.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

The forced migration of millions of Africans to the Americas as part of a brutal system that facilitated slavery, resulting in profound demographic and cultural shifts.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607, which became a model for future colonies despite ongoing conflicts with Native American tribes.

Powhatan Confederacy

A coalition of Native American tribes that interacted, often contentiously, with the settlers of Jamestown.

Tobacco

A vital cash crop that emerged as a cornerstone of Jamestown's economy, significantly affecting the colony's growth and reliance on slave labor.

Bacon's Rebellion

A pivotal conflict in Virginia in 1676, sparked by land disputes and tensions between frontier settlers and the government, which led to an increased reliance on slavery.

King Philip's War

A violent conflict between Native American tribes and English settlers in 1675, reflecting the broader struggles over land, resources, and sovereignty.

Charles II

The monarch who reigned after the English Civil War and oversaw the establishment of several new colonies.

Restoration Colonies

The colonies founded following the Restoration of the monarchy in England, characterized by diverse motives including refuge for religious dissenters.

Middle Grounds

Regions where European settlers and Native Americans coexisted, often leading to complex interactions and negotiations.

Navigation Acts

A series of laws designed to regulate colonial trade, ensuring that commerce benefited England economically.

Glorious Revolution

The 1688 overthrow of King James II, which had a significant impact on colonial governance and contributed to the development of constitutional monarchy.

Plymouth Colony

A settlement established by English Puritans in 1620, known for its early conflicts with local Native American tribes over land and resources.

Maryland

Founded in 1632 as a sanctuary for Catholics fleeing persecution in England, Maryland became notable for promoting religious tolerance and a diverse range of beliefs.

Religious Freedom

The principle of allowing individuals to practice their religion freely, which was guaranteed in some colonies, notably the Carolinas.

Technological Advancements

Innovations in navigation and maritime technology that propelled European exploration and colonization efforts.

The Great Awakening

A significant religious revival movement in the 1730s and 1740s that emphasized personal faith and piety, challenging established religious authority.

Jonathan Edwards

A prominent preacher known for his influential sermons during the Great Awakening, particularly his focus on the need for personal conversion.

George Whitefield

An impactful preacher during the Great Awakening, remembered for his charismatic speaking style and efforts to unify the colonies through evangelism.

Religious Diversity

The presence of multiple Protestant denominations and minority religions, reflecting a broad spectrum of beliefs in the colonies.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement characterized by an emphasis on reason, science, and individualism, challenging traditional doctrines and fostering ideas of progress.

Benjamin Franklin

A key figure of the Enlightenment in America, whose contributions to philosophy, science, and politics reflected Enlightenment ideals.

High Literacy Rates

The notably elevated literacy levels predominantly among white men in the colonies, facilitated by educational initiatives and printing advancements.

Almanacs

Popular reading materials in colonial America, combining practical information and entertainment, widely read by various social classes.

Printing Press Growth

The increase in the production of newspapers, pamphlets, and books facilitated by advancements in printing technology, which encouraged literacy and public discourse.

Harvard University

Founded in 1636 as one of the earliest institutions of higher education in America, reflecting the colonies' commitment to learning and religious training.

French and Indian War

A conflict between British and French forces in North America (1754-1763), which set the stage for colonial discontent and subsequent independence movements.

Iroquois Confederacy

A powerful alliance of Native American tribes in the Northeast, notable for its sophisticated governance and diplomatic strategies.

Albany Plan of 1754

Benjamin Franklin's proposal for the colonies to unite for mutual defense against French threats, marking an early effort at intercolonial cooperation.

Peace of Paris (1763)

The treaty that ended the French and Indian War, significantly altering territorial claims in North America and reducing French presence on the continent.

Pontiac's Rebellion

A Native American uprising in 1763 against British rule following the French and Indian War, highlighting ongoing tensions over land and sovereignty.

Sugar Act (1764)

A tariff imposed by the British government aimed at regulating colonial trade and increasing revenue, contributing to colonial unrest.

Currency Act (1764)

Legislation that prohibited the colonies from issuing their own paper currency, tightening economic control from Britain.

Boston Massacre

A deadly confrontation in 1770 where British soldiers killed five colonial civilians, catalyzing anti-British sentiments.

Daughters of Liberty

A group of colonial women who organized and participated in economic boycotts against British goods in response to oppressive taxation.

Boston Tea Party

A protest organized by colonists in 1773 against the Tea Act, where demonstrators dumped tea into Boston Harbor, signaling rising tensions with Britain.

Coercive Acts

A series of punitive measures enacted by Britain in response to the Boston Tea Party, aimed at tightening control over Massachusetts.

First Continental Congress

A gathering of colonial delegates in 1774 aimed at addressing grievances against British policies, fostering unity among the colonies.

Lexington and Concord

The first military engagements of the American Revolution, marked by the tactics of guerrilla warfare against British forces.

Virtual Representation

The British governmental theory that parliamentary members represented the interests of all British subjects, including those in the colonies, despite their lack of direct representation.

Colonial Self-Government

The increasing assertion of authority by colonial assemblies, reminiscent of parliamentary governance in England and leading to tensions with British authorities.

British Imperialism Post-1763

The shift in British focus towards increasing revenues from colonies through taxation and control after the territorial gains made in the French and Indian War.

Colonial Resentment

The growing discontent among colonists towards British taxation, regulation, and military presence as they felt their rights and autonomy were being undermined.

Cultural Trends

A reflection of the diversity and shared experiences in colonial life, illustrating the unique identity forming within the colonies.

Scientific Advances

A burgeoning interest in natural sciences and medical practices among colonists, indicative of the Enlightenment's influence.

Legal Developments

The adaptation of English Common Law to the unique circumstances of the colonies, shaping local governance and judicial practices.

Executive Branch

The branch of government responsible for enforcing laws, led by key officials including the President.

President

The highest official in the Executive Branch, responsible for developing policies and making key national decisions.

Electoral College

The body that formally elects the President, composed of electors equal to the sum of each state's Representatives and Senators.

Minimum votes needed to win presidency.

To win the presidency, a candidate must secure a minimum of 270 electoral votes.

Presidential Term

The length of time an individual serves as President, which is four years, with a maximum of two terms.

State of the Union

An annual address delivered by the President to Congress, outlining legislative priorities and the state of the nation.

Veto Power

The constitutional authority of the President to reject legislation passed by Congress, a check on legislative power.

Impeachment

A formal process to remove a sitting President from office due to misconduct, requiring specific procedures and a two-thirds majority in the Senate.

Judicial Branch

The division of government responsible for interpreting laws and ensuring they adhere to the Constitution.

Supreme Court

The highest court in the United States, which adjudicates approximately 150 cases per year concerning significant legal issues.

Judges' Tenure

Judicial appointments are for life, with judges removable through the process of impeachment.

Judiciary Act of 1789

The legislation that established the federal court system's structure, outlining the organization and jurisdiction of various courts.

Missouri Compromise

The legislative agreement of 1820 aimed at balancing the number of free and slave states, permitting Missouri as a slave state while prohibiting slavery in the lands north of the 36°30′ line.

36°30′ line

A geographical boundary established by the Missouri Compromise prohibiting slavery in the territories north of Missouri's southern border.

John Quincy Adams

The sixth President of the United States, who advocated for American territorial expansion during his tenure as Secretary of State.

Panic of 1819

An economic downturn characterized by a financial crisis and tightened credit, which significantly impacted various sectors of the economy.

Fletcher v. Peck

A landmark Supreme Court case that upheld the inviolability of land grants, thereby reinforcing property rights against state interference.

Gibbons v. Ogden

A key Supreme Court ruling that broadened Congress's regulatory power over interstate commerce, affirming federal authority over state law.

Worcester v. Georgia

A crucial Supreme Court decision recognizing the political and territorial autonomy of Native nations within U.S. jurisdictions.

Cohens v. Virginia

A Supreme Court case affirming federal authority over state court decisions, establishing the judiciary's supremacy in interpreting law.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

A case limiting state control over corporate charters, emphasizing the protection of private institutions from governmental interference.

Indigenous Rights

The legal framework that dictates federal authority over transactions concerning Native land, often overshadowing Native sovereignty.

Monroe Doctrine

A foreign policy statement asserting that the Americas were no longer open to European colonization, marking a significant shift in U.S. diplomatic strategy.

Hostile Act

Any European interference in the Americas, viewed as a direct threat to the sovereignty and security of the United States.

Dominant Power

The establishment of the United States as a leading authority within the Western Hemisphere post-19th century, evidenced by territorial expansion and political influence.

Two-Party System

A political framework in which two major parties dominate the electoral and legislative landscape, representing opposing ideologies.

Federalist Party Collapse

The decline of the Federalist Party after the War of 1812, which facilitated the emergence of the Republican Party.

Republican Party Factions

The division within the Republican Party that later led to the formation of the Democrats and National Republicans, reflecting divergent political ideologies.

Democrats

A political faction that favored a decentralized government structure, emphasizing state rights and individual liberty.