Socialisation Culture and Identity

Cultural capital

those in high culture have knowledge which is highly valued in the education system e.g. art, classical music, literature etc. This helps them to succeed further in education

Metrosexual

A 21st Century development and described as socially mobile, interested in diet, fashion, body- image and can be either straight or gay, he is comfortable showing his emotions.

Norms

Action or behaviour which society believes is an acceptable way to behave and individuals are expected to behave in this way. Norms can be relative (vary between cultures and time) or universal (followed the world over)

Plummer

________- supports McIntosh and argues that homosexual men who accept their label will seek out other homosexuals and join a subculture which demonstrates this stereotypical behaviour Rich- uses a Feminist perspective to support her argument of ‘ compulsory heterosexuality.

Marxism Marxists

Work has a significant impact on pay, status and power ● Savage- strong link between the middle classes and doctors, even in working class areas the doctors were from middle class backgrounds Theoretical views that support the existence of traditional class identities ________ believe there are two main social classes in society- the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.

Subcultures

________ are most common amongst the young who are rebelling against existing norms and values.

Alexander

● ________- Black culture and the importance of ‘ being Black ‘ within peer groups, members had to take on stereotypical behavior to be accepted.

Durkheim

● ________- rituals and symbols play a crucial role in reinforcing identity.

Chavs

________ have a clear working class identity ● Brah- working class identity was crucial in the identity of the group the ‘ skinheads Media The media represent different social classes in different ways.

Cultural supermarket

________________ means we can choose ‘ hybrid identities from a very wide range of different identities.

proletariat

The ________ is the working classes who work for the bourgeoisie for little money and are treated badly.

McDonaldisation

________- Ritzer argues that societies are becoming similar to each other in the way that fast food chains are similar to each other- this is known as the growth of a homogenous society.

● Social capital

________- having social connections and group membership.

term Creolisation

The ________ has subsequently been applied to food, architecture, music and language.

● Gill

________- those who become disabled during their life find it very difficult to not self- fulfil the label they themselves placed on the disabled previously of being incapable and having feelings of pity towards them ● Galvin notes that if a person is able- bodied and becomes disabled there is a huge transition and their sense of self is challenged.

Antle

________- children with disabilities do not differ in their personal views and opinions in how they see themselves compared with children without disabilities.

Cultural differences

________ in society which means that there are different groups in our society that live alongside each other.

Neo Marxism Bourdieu

________ identified 3 types of capital that people could possess, some ascribed at birth and some achieved in other ways.

lesbian identity

The ________ is not spoken of and if it is it is portrayed negatively.

Murugami

________- a disabled person has the ability to construct a self- identity that accepts their impairment but is independent of it.

Hybrid cultures

________ can be based on or formed around many issues.

Economic culture

________- includes income, wealth and financial inheritance.

● Hall

________- every nation has a collection of stories about shared experiences.

Economic capital

________ can be achieved or ascribed.

Class Social class

________- a persons social position measured on the occupation.

National Identities Multiculturalism

Changing ________- Britain has always adopted a ‘ multicultural view to immigration that may have led to a further division within British identity.

Age socialisation

________ (age is a meaningful concept) Family ● A persons age identity can be formed by comparing themselves to other members of the family e.g.

Class identities

________ have fragmented (broken down) and become blurred and are no longer significant.

Disability

________ does not impact on identity Some sociologists believe that how disabled people see themselves is starting to change and are resisting the dependent and helpless stereotypes.

Creolisation

________ is a process where Creole cultures emerged in colonial societies, mainly in Louisiana and the Caribbean, but also the Indian Ocean.

Disability

________ does not have to define a person and society must make adjustments to ensure those with disabilities can access everything that those without disabilities can.

Intelligence

although this can be influenced by nurture, many people have a naturally higher IQ than others

Hormones

men and women have different hormones which influence feelings e.g

The police

they can arrest you if you commit a crime, they can give you a warning, they can prevent you from entering certain areas

The Judiciary system

courts and judges can sentence you if you commit a crime

Changes over time

role of women, attitudes to racism/ homosexuality, views on the family

Norms

expected behaviour and values is what you believe in and knowing right from wrong

Can reward through pocket money, trips, presents Education

detention, letters/phone calls home to parents, exclude you

Bradley argues there are two types of identity

● Passive/ ascribed -identity you are born or socialised into, you do not get to choose this element of your identity, it is passed on to you, often without you knowing

Travellers

distinct gender roles, live in temporary and mobile accommodation, leave school at an early age

i-phones, music artists such as Beyonce and television shows like Eastenders

at the very least, most people are aware of them, even if they dont like them

Communal diversification

where ethnic groups have long-established communities add diversity to the dominant way of life e.g

Cultural capital

those in high culture have knowledge which is highly valued in the education system e.g

Factors Affecting identity-Gender Traditional hegemonic masculinity

Connell argues that hegemonic masculinity is based on the ideas of male supremacy (dominance), heterosexuality, aggression and laddish culture

Traditional gender socialisation Family Imitation Children imitate their parents to learn their gender identity

● Mitchell and Green -young women wanted to be seen as ‘good mothers and that they were coping, this was an important part of femininity ● Archer -boys described their mothers as providing ‘emotional and nurturing roles and fathers as the ‘economic providers

Frosh et al agreed and found that boys believed their mothers were emotionally closer to them whereas fathers were more detached Reinforcement of stereotypical behaviour

● Language used by parents reinforces importance of gender e.g

Eminem Peers Peer pressure

peers influence one another due to the need to fit in ● Individuals often feel they should act appropriately to their gender to fit in with their peers, for example Frosh et al-boys respected being sporty and holding anti-school values

Changing Gender Identity Changing Masculine identities Complicit masculinity

‘new man

Class Social class

a persons social position measured on the occupation

Main values include the importance of tradition, belief in social hierarchy and background

a good background guarantees appropriate manners and values

She suggests it is not due to intelligence but due to these schools encouraging application to university ● Bourdieu -middle class children easily fit into university life, whereas working class children find it daunting as there are few other working class children Peers Individuals from the same school tend to be from the same class as a result they share the same hobbies, values etc

known as cultural comfort zones

Work has a significant impact on pay, status and power ● Savage -strong link between the middle classes and doctors, even in working class areas the doctors were from middle class backgrounds Theoretical views that support the existence of traditional class identities Marxism Marxists believe there are two main social classes in society

the bourgeoisie and the proletariat

● Economic culture

includes income, wealth and financial inheritance

● Social capital

having social connections and group membership

● Changing job market

due to the decline in traditional manual jobs and increase in service sector jobs, the majority of people are in middle class jobs and therefore it is less significant as an identity as there are few differences between people Ethnicity

Song found that high numbers Chinese people worked in the food industry which leads others to do the same The following arguments show that ethnic socialization is not as significant as it once was

Hybridity Hybridity refers to a mixing of cultures, where elements of different cultures influence to create a new culture

White mask Johal and Bains found what they termed ‘dual identities where for instance British Asians (Brasians) have a number of different identities depending on who they are with

friends, family or at school and often adopted a ‘White mask so they could ‘fit in

Postmodernists see youth culture as a time for experimenting with their identity

they can ‘pick and mix

much of the clothes, language etc that the young are interested in has come from what they see on television or celebrities doing Education ● The hidden curriculum reinforces the importance of age identity through use of words such as ‘old man or ‘young lady

reinforces stereotypical ideas about different ages ● The month a child is born will determine their position in that year group and will be labelled as young or old which could lead to self-fulfilling prophecy ● Children learn age boundaries at school eg

However others are experiencing ‘active ageing where they are travelling and trying new hobbies Middle age is experienced so diversely

if individuals have children they could be preparing to send them to university or for them to leave home but not all have children

Some at this age could be very focused on their career which could be at its height (middle class), some working class may still be in the same low paid job they had when they were young Postman

childhood is disappearing as children now due to the rise in the media giving children ‘access to the adult world

Individuals can express their national identity through a number of different ways

speaking the language, flying the flag outside their home, supporting a national sports team or even eating the traditional food

● Anderson

a ‘nation is an imagined community where most of its members will never meet

● Informal curriculum

we learn things about Britain at school without realizing it

Cultural supermarket -Hall

the global cultural supermarket means we can choose ‘hybrid identities from a very wide range of different identities

Some sociologists argue that homosexual identity is a social construction

we as a society have created a set of cultural behaviours that we associate with homosexuals

Weeks

there are some people which define themselves as gay and take part in the gay community but do not take part in gay sexual activity

Disability The medical model of disability

disability is a key part of an individuals identity, they are vulnerable and need our support

● Best

disability should be seen in terms of a person's inability to generally function and take care of themselves

The social model of disability

any negativity or difficulty dealing with disability is due to society and not the individual

Values

Ideas and beliefs about what society views as important. Values help influence what we see is right and wrong. Often our values influence our norms. Values can be relative (vary between cultures and time) or universal (followed the world over)

Socialisation

The teaching and learning of norms and values by agencies of socialisation such as the family, peers, media etc. These agencies use sanctions and rewards to reinforce the process.

Formal Social Control

Groups of people in society who ensure that individuals follow the laws and rules of society. They can formally punish you if you break these