BIO 201 Exam 1 Comprehensive Study Guide With complete verified solutions + Rationales

anatomy

The study of body structure and shape

physiology

study of the functions of the body and how they work together

characteristics of life

1. organization

2. metabolism

3. growth & development

4. responsiveness

5. regulation (homeostasis)

6. reproduction

levels of organization

chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, full organism

anatomical position

body erect, feel parallel, arms hanging at sides, palms facing forward

superior

above; toward head

inferior

below; away from head

anterior

front

posterior

back

superficial

closer to surface of body

deep

away from surface of body

proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

distal

away from the point of attachment

integumentary system

skin, hair, nails

skeletal system

gives body shape, allows for movement, makes blood cells, provides protection, and stores minerals

muscular system

pumps blood and supports movement (contraction/relaxation)

nervous system

transmits signals between brain and rest of body

- CNS & PNS

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

frontal (coronal) plane

divides body into front and back

transverse plane

divides the body into upper and lower portions

axillary

armpit

acromial

tip of shoulder

brachial

arm

carpal

wrist

cervical

neck

digital

toes/fingers

femoral

thigh

frontal

forehead

orbital

eye

patellar

knee cap

tarsal

ankle

thoracic

chest

dorsal

back

plantar

sole of foot

deltoid

shoulder

gluteal

butt

lumbar

lower back

occipital

eye area

homeostasis

the ability to maintain a constant internal environment in response to environmental changes

receptor (sensor)

detects problem

sensory pathway

brings info to control center

control (integration) center

processes the signal and sends instructions

motor pathway

signals from brain to muscles/glands

effector

response; returns to equilibrium

negative feedback

resulting acting OPPOSITE direction of stimulus

- ex: blood pressure; carotid bodies (receptors) detect HBP

positive feedback

SAME direction of stimulus until climatic event takes place

- ex: cervix stretches during child birth

histology

study of tissues and how they form organs

tissue

group of similar cells that perform a common function

organ

composed of 2 or more tissues

- almost always connective and epithelial

tissue types

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

functions of tissues

cover, support, move and control

cellularity

one or more layers of closely adhering cells

polarity

forms flat sheet with upper surface exposed to environment or internal body cavity

- one side of tissue is exposed to open free space

avascular

lack blood vessels & depend on underlying connection tissue for oxygen and blood

basement membrane

thin layer of collagen and adhesive proteins

- anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue

extensive innervation

supplied with many nerves to detect changes in environment

high regeneration capacity

continual replacement of lost cells

cell junctions

connections between cells that hold the cells together as a unit

tight junctions

interlocking proteins that encircle cell, joining to surrounding cells (barrier)

desmosomes

like velcro between 2 cells holding them together against mechanical stress

- CONNECTS CELLS

gap junctions

transmembrane proteins form a water filled channel

- cell communication

epithelial functions

1. Physical protection

2. Selective permeability

3. Secretions

4. Sensations

epithelial layers

1. Simple - single layer

2. Stratified - many layers

3. Pseudo stratified 1 looks 2+ but is 1

Epithelial shapes

squamous (flat), cuboidal (cubes), columnar (columns)

Gland

One or more cells that make and secret chemical substances

Exocrine glands

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

- more numerous than endocrine

- mucus, sweat, oil and salivary glands

Multicellular exocrine glands

Classified according to duct

- simple vs compound

Acini

Clusters that produce secretion

Merocrine

products are secreted by exocytosis

- tears, saliva, eccrine glands

Apocrine

Products are secreted with cell parts

- mammary & ceremonious glands

Holocrine

Products are secreted by rupture of whole cells

- sebaceous glands

Connective tissue

Consists of widely spaces cells superstes by fibers & ground substance (ECM)

a. Connective tissue propped (loose/dense)

b. Cartilage (supportive)

c. Bone (support)

d. Blood (fluid)

Connective tissue functions

binding and support, protection, insulation, transportation

Connective tissue characteristics

variations in blood supply, extracellular matrix

Ground substance

unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers

Collagen

Tough, sensible strength, most abundant

Elastic

Thin, stretches

Reticular

Similar to collagen ~ branched network

Resident cells

permanently contained within the connective tissue

Wandering cells

Move through CT ~ mostly WBC

Fibroblast

Produce ECM or CT proper

Adipocytes

Fat cells found in adipose CT

Mesanchymal Cells

Stem cells; can regenerate tissue

Fixed macrophages

WBC; phagocyte (engulfs pathogens)

Types of wandering cells

mast cells, plasma cells, free macrophages, other leukocytes

Mesenchyme

embryonic connective tissue

3 loose connective tissue

areolar, adipose, reticular

Cartilage (chondrocytes)

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Bones (osteocytes)

Spongy & compact

Blood

Hepatocytes

Adipose connective tissue

Very sparse matrix with closely packed adipocytes

- provides/reserves food, fuels, & insulated against heat loss

- found under skin, kidneys and eyeballs

areolar connective tissue

Gel like matrix that wraps and cushions organs, holds and conveys tissue fluid

reticular connective tissue

forms supporting tissue in walls of liver and spleen

dense regular connective tissue

Parallel collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers

- Major cell type is fibroblasts

- Attaches muscles to bone or to other muscles, and bone to bone

- Found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses

dense irregular connective tissue

irregularly arranged collagen fibers

- can withstand tension in many directions

- found on dermis of skin and fibroid capsules of organs and joints

Hyaline cartilage

amorphous but firm matrix

- collagen fibers form networks

- supports and reinforces

- covers endings of long bones

Elastic cartilage

Similar to hyaline - maintains shape with flexibility

Fibrocartilage

Matrix is similar but less firm than hyaline

- tensile strength with ability to absorb shock

bone

hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton

blood

WBC, RBC in fluid matrix (plasma)

- transports respiratory gasses, nutrients & wastes