Year 9 Science Ecosystem, Chemical, Disease

Element

Substance made of one type of atom.

Compound

Substance made of multiple types of atoms.

Chemical Reaction

Process where substances form new substances.

Law of Conservation of Mass

Mass remains constant in chemical reactions.

Law of Constant Proportion

Elements in compounds always in fixed ratios.

Reactants

Substances mixed at the beginning of reactions.

Products

New substances formed in chemical reactions.

Balancing Chemical Equations

Ensuring equal number of atoms on both sides.

Acid

Substance with sour taste and low pH.

Base

Substance that neutralizes acids, high pH.

Corrosive Acid

Acid that can dissolve metals and harm skin.

pH Scale

Measures acidity from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic).

Neutralization

Reaction of acid and base forming salt and water.

Indicators

Substances that change color to show acidity/basicity.

Aerobic Respiration

Energy production using oxygen, high ATP yield.

Anaerobic Respiration

Energy production without oxygen, low ATP yield.

Cellular Respiration

Process converting glucose and oxygen into energy.

Lactic Acid

Byproduct of anaerobic respiration causing muscle soreness.

Oxidation Reaction

Reaction where a substance combines with oxygen.

Metal Oxide

Product formed when metals react with oxygen.

Hydrogen Ions (H+)

Concentration indicates acidity of a solution.

Concentrated Acid

Low water content, high acid concentration.

Dilute Acid

High water content, low acid concentration.

Gastric Juice

Acidic fluid aiding digestion, pH around 1.5.

ATP

Energy currency of cells produced in respiration.

Neutral Soil

Soil with a pH of 7, neither acidic nor basic.

Antacid

Base used to neutralize excess stomach acid.

Oxidation Reaction Example

Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium Oxide.

Chemical Equation

Symbolic representation of a chemical reaction.

Photosynthesis

Process where plants create food using sunlight.

Chlorophyll

Pigment capturing sunlight for photosynthesis.

Glucose

Sugar produced during photosynthesis.

Starch

Stored form of sugar in plants.

Light Intensity

Higher intensity increases photosynthesis rate.

Combustion

Chemical reaction involving burning with oxygen.

Fossil Fuels

Energy sources from decomposed living organisms.

Methane

CH4, a common fuel in combustion reactions.

Carbon Cycle

Continuous flow of carbon in the environment.

Decomposers

Organisms that break down dead matter, releasing CO2.

Pollution

Excess CO2 from combustion harming the environment.

Calcination

Heating substance to change its composition.

Pyrolysis

High-temperature carbonization in absence of oxygen.

Fermentation

Process of making alcoholic beverages from saps.

Team Coordinator

Leads team and divides roles among members.

Data Specialist

Analyzes data collected from experiments.

Team Engineer

Collects necessary equipment for experiments.

Team Building Designer

Gathers data for the experiment.

Energy Release

Heat and light produced during combustion.

Photosynthesis Equation

CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2.

Chloroplasts

Cell organelles where photosynthesis occurs.

Carbon Dioxide

Gas absorbed by plants during photosynthesis.

Water Vapour

Byproduct of combustion reactions.

Public Transport

Alternative to reduce reliance on cars.

Disease

Unhealthy impairment of body function causing harm.

Infectious Disease

Contagious disease caused by pathogens.

Non-Infectious Disease

Disease not spreadable between individuals.

Pathogen

Biological agent causing disease or sickness.

Direct Contact

Transmission through coughing, sneezing, or talking.

Vector

Organism carrying disease without being affected.

Contaminated Object

Unclean items causing diseases like food poisoning.

Infection

Pathogens multiply in the body causing damage.

Bacteria

Single-celled pathogens causing various diseases.

Antibiotics

Medications used to treat bacterial infections.

Fungi

Eukaryotic pathogens that can cause disease.

Antifungal Creams

Topical treatments for fungal infections.

Viruses

Non-cellular pathogens requiring host cells to reproduce.

Vaccines

Injections providing immunity against specific diseases.

Prions

Infectious proteins causing brain damage.

First Line of Defence

Initial barriers preventing pathogen entry.

Second Line of Defence

Immune response activated after pathogen entry.

Phagocytes

White blood cells engulfing and destroying pathogens.

Inflammation

Increased blood flow to infected areas.

Third Line of Defence

Specific immunity against particular pathogens.

B Cells

Produce antibodies to fight pathogens.

Memory Cells

Cells that remember pathogens for faster response.

Antibodies

Proteins that bind to antigens to neutralize them.

Antigens

Unique receptors on pathogen surfaces recognized by immune system.

Immunity

Resistance to disease-causing pathogens.

Vaccination

Injection inducing antibody production without illness.

Booster Injection

Additional vaccination for sustained immunity.

Cytotoxic T Cells

Kill infected cells taken over by viruses.

Healthy Bacteria

Microorganisms that prevent harmful bacteria growth.

Ecosystem

Community of organisms and their environment.

Ecology

Study of ecosystems and their interactions.

Abiotic factors

Non-living components like rocks and water.

Biotic factors

Living components like animals and plants.

Producers

Organisms that create their own food.

Consumers

Organisms that consume other organisms for energy.

First order consumers

Organisms that eat plants.

Second order consumers

Organisms that eat other animals.

Decomposers

Organisms that feed on dead matter.

Heterotrophs

Organisms unable to produce their own food.

Herbivores

Primary consumers that eat plants.

Carnivores

Secondary or tertiary consumers that eat meat.

Omnivores

Organisms that eat both plants and animals.

Detritivores

Consumers of decomposing organic matter.

Food chain

Single path showing energy flow in an ecosystem.

Food web

Complex diagram of multiple species interactions.

Tolerance range

Range of abiotic factors a species can endure.

Adaptations

Features that enhance survival in an environment.