Biology Quarter 3

What is the original source of most of the energy used by living things on our planet?

The original source of most energy is the sun.

What molecule do all cells use as a direct energy source?

Cells use ATP as the universal cellular energy currency.

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine Triphosphate.

What are the three parts of an ATP molecule?

Adenine, Ribose Sugar, and Triphosphate.

What are the two types of cellular respiration?

Aerobic (uses oxygen) and Anaerobic (does not use oxygen).

What is 'carbon fixation'?

The process of converting inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic compounds during photosynthesis.

What are two types of fermentation used in anaerobic respiration?

Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.

What pigment is responsible for the green color in plants?

Chlorophyll.

What is the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2.

What is the balanced chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.

Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts.

Where does aerobic respiration occur in plant and animal cells?

Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria.

What is the purpose of photosynthesis?

To convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose) for use by the plant.

What is produced during photosynthesis?

Glucose and oxygen are produced during photosynthesis.

What is glycolysis?

The first step of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration that breaks glucose down into two molecules of pyruvate and produces ATP.

What are spindle fibers?

Structures that play a critical role in separating chromosomes during mitosis.

What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?

Chromatin is the uncondensed form of DNA, while chromosomes are the condensed form visible during cell division.

What are the four stages of mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

What is meant by 'incomplete dominance'?

A genetic situation in which one allele does not completely dominate another, resulting in a blend of traits.

What are allele variations for dominant and recessive traits?

Dominant traits are expressed with at least one dominant allele, while recessive traits require two recessive alleles to be expressed.

What is a dihybrid cross?

A genetics cross examining two traits, evaluating the inheritance patterns of two traits simultaneously.