Biology Quarter 3

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Unit 6 – PHOTOSYNTHESIS
All Life Needs Energy/Food
• What is energy? What are some different forms of energy? What form do living things need?
• What is the original source of most of the energy used by living things on our planet?
• All living things need chemical energy in the form of food. What type of organic molecule (carbohydrate,
protein, lipid, or nucleic) provides the majority of the energy that organisms obtain from their food?
• All cells use the molecule _____ as a direct energy source (universal cellular energy “currency”).
• What process is used by organisms to convert chemical energy in food to chemical energy in ATP?
• What does ATP stand for? What are the 3 parts of an ATP molecule?
• How do cells use ATP as an energy source? Which bond in the ATP molecule is broken/re-formed to
release/store energy? What is the difference between ATP and ADP (structurally and functionally)?
• ATP Diagram:
o #1 – ADENINE
o #2 – RIBOSE SUGAR
o #3 – TRIPHOSPHATE
o #4 – ADENOSINE
o #5 – ?
o #6 – ?
Photosynthesis
• Overall, what occurs during the process of photosynthesis? / What is the purpose of photosynthesis?
• What are three ways that plants use the glucose they make during photosynthesis?
• What three things must be present for photosynthesis to occur?
• What gets produced during photosynthesis?
• Why do plants appear green?
o What pigment is responsible for this color?
o What colors of light are absorbed by this pigment?
o What colors are mostly reflected by this pigment?
o What is the purpose of this pigment?
• Know these parts of a chloroplast: outer membrane, inner membrane,
thylakoid, stroma, granum.
• Light Dependent Reactions:
o Where do they occur in the chloroplast?

o What is the overall purpose of the light-dependent reactions?
o Why is water used / how is oxygen produced?
• Calvin Cycle:
o Where does it occur in the chloroplast?
o What is the overall purpose of the Calvin cycle?
o What is “carbon fixation”?
• Identify the components on the photosynthesis diagram:
#5 #8 #11
#6 #9 #12
#7 #10 #13
Cellular Respiration (CR)
• What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration (CR)? Do all organisms perform CR? Why?
• Overall, there are the two types of CR: ______________ (uses oxygen) & _______________ (does not use
oxygen)
• Both aerobic and anaerobic CR start with the sugar ________________ and end with some amount of
_______ (cellular energy currency).
• Aerobic or Anaerobic:
o Which occurs more quickly?
o Which is more efficient?
o Which is used much more frequently in animal and plant cells?
o Which can be used when oxygen levels are low?
o Which can only be used for a limited amount of time in human cells?
• Why does a person’s breathing and heart rate increase when he/she exercises?
• The first step of both aerobic and anaerobic CR is _____________, which occurs in the ______________, and
breaks glucose down into two __________ and produces ___ ATP.
• Overall, how many ATP per glucose are produced per glucose? Aerobic CR: _______ Anaerobic CR:
_______
• Why is the mitochondria called the “powerhouse of the cell”?
• Anaerobic CR
o What are the two types of fermentation that can be used to finish anaerobic CR?

o What type of fermentation is used by:
▪ Human muscle cells needing more ATP than aerobic CR can provide?
▪ Bacteria used to produce yogurt and other food products?
▪ Yeast used to produce bread and alcoholic beverages?
• Identify the basic structures of the mitochondria: outer membrane, inner membrane, matrix,
and intermembrane space
• If oxygen is used, what two stages follow glycolysis? Where do they occur? How much ATP is produced?
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Stage Name Location ATP Produced
Glycolysis Cytoplasm 2 ATP
• What is produced in the Krebs cycle?
o ___ ATP
o ___________ / ____________ (electron carriers)
o ____ (waste product)
• What occurs during the ETC stage?
o What happens as electrons flow through the ETC?
o How does ATP synthase produce ATP?
o What role does oxygen play?
Photosynthesis (PS) vs. Cellular Respiration (CR)
• What is the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis?
• What is the balanced chemical equation for aerobic CR?
• Where (organelle) does PS occur in plant cells?
• Where (organelle) does aerobic CR occur in plant and animal cells?
• How are PS and CR related to each other?
• Label the diagram at the right with:
o Light, ATP/heat
o C6H12O6, O2, H2O, CO2

Unit 7 – CELL CYCLE/MITOSIS/MEIOSIS
Stages of the Cell Cycle
• What is the “cell cycle”?
• What is the order of the stages of the cell cycle and what
occurs during each stage?
• Label the cell cycle diagram with:
G1, S, G2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, M phase, P, M, A, T
• What stages make up “interphase”? What stages make up
“M phase”?
• Do cells spend more time in interphase or M phase?
• What is G0? Name two examples of human cells that enter
G0.
• What is the difference between chromatin and
chromosomes?
• When is the DNA visible as condensed chromosomes?
• What are the four stages of mitosis (in order)?
o Know what happens during each stage.
o Be able to recognize images of each stage.
• What are spindle fibers? What role do they play in mitosis?
Why Cells Divide
• Name four reasons why a cell would go through the cell cycle and divide.
Cancer
• What causes cancer to develop?
• How does regulation of the cell cycle relate to Cancer?
Meiosis
• Process of meiosis
• Meiosis vocab: homologous chromosome, sister chromatid, crossing over, diploid, haploid
• Genetics vocab: dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, allele
• How many chromosomes do humans have in normal cells? In gametes?

UNIT 8 – MENDEL and PUNNETT SQUARES
1. Mendel’s Laws:
a. Law of Segregation
b. Law of Independent Assortment
2. What did Mendel’s experiment show? What has it led to in the study of genetics?
3. Perform a Dihybrid Cross and state the ratio of Phenotypes:
Aabb x aaBb
4. Define the following:
Codominance –
Incomplete Dominance –
Sex-Linked Trait –
Polygenetic –
Crossing Over –
5. Mom’s genotype is IAi and she is Rh negative. Dad’s genotype is IA IB and he is heterozygous for the Rh
factor. Use a dihybrid cross to show the inheritance of blood type in their children.
6. In fruit flies, the gene for white eyes is sex-linked recessive. (R) is red and (r) is white. Cross a white-eyed
female with a normal red-eyed male.
a. What percent of the males will have red eyes? White eyes?
b. What percent of the females will have red eyes? White eyes?
c. What percent of the offspring will be white-eyed?
d. What percent of the offspring will be carriers of the white eye trait?
7. In radishes, red and white are pure-breeding colors, while hybrids are purple. If a red radish is crossed
with a white radish, what will be the phenotype of the F2 generation (assuming the F1 generation self-
pollinates)? Show the Punnett Square.
8. Hypercholesterolemia is an incomplete dominant genetic disease that prevents cells from being able to
make LDL receptor proteins. A couple has three children, one of whom is found to be heterozygous for
the disease. Another child is unaffected by the disease, and the third child is fully affected. What are the
possible genotypes of the parents? Show the Punnett Square.
9. Mom has type A blood. Dad has type AB blood. What possible blood types could their children inherit?
(Show all possibilities).
10. In cats, the allele (B) produces black color but (b) produces a yellow color. These alleles are incompletely
dominant to each other. A heterozygote produces a tortoise shell color. The alleles (B) and (b) are sex-
linked as well. Cross a tortoise shell female with a yellow male.
a. What percent of their offspring will be yellow?
b. What percent of their offspring will be black?
c. What percent of their offspring will be tortoise shell?
d. Why is it impossible to have a tortoise shell male offspring?