Chapter 12: Molecular Genetics Flashcards

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Flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 12: Molecular Genetics, including DNA structure, replication, transcription, translation, gene regulation, and mutations.

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22 Terms

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What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

DNA codes for RNA, which guides the synthesis of proteins.

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What are the three major types of RNA?

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and Transfer RNA (tRNA).

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What is transcription?

The synthesis of mRNA from DNA.

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What is translation?

The process through which mRNA attaches to a ribosome and a protein is assembled.

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What are introns?

Non-coding sequences of DNA that are removed from pre-mRNA.

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What are exons?

The coding sequences that remain in the final mRNA.

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What is a codon?

A three-base code in DNA or mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

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What is gene regulation?

The ability of an organism to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment.

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What is an operon?

A section of DNA that contains the genes for the proteins needed for a specific metabolic pathway.

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What is a mutation?

A permanent change in a cell's DNA.

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What is a mutagen?

Substances that cause mutations.

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What is semiconservative replication?

When parental strands of DNA separate, serve as templates, and produce DNA molecules that have one strand of parental DNA and one strand of new DNA.

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What is the function of DNA helicase?

Unwinds and unzips the double helix during DNA replication.

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What is the function of DNA polymerase?

Catalyzes the addition of appropriate nucleotides to the new DNA strand.

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What are Okazaki fragments?

Small segments synthesized discontinuously on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

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Briefly explain Griffith's experiment

Griffith discovered that a strain of bacteria could be transformed into another strain.

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Briefly explain Avery's experiment

Avery discovered that DNA was the transforming factor in Griffith's experiment.

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Briefly explain the Hershey-Chase experiment

Hershey and Chase provided definitive evidence that DNA, not protein, was the transforming factor by using bacteriophages.

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What is Chargaff's rule?

That the amount of guanine nearly equals the amount of cytosine, and the amount of adenine nearly equals the amount of thymine.

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What is a double helix?

DNA is a double helix, or twisted ladder shape, formed by two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other.

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What is a nucleosome?

A structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome, consisting of a length of DNA coiled around a core of histones.

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