AP PSYCH: 3.6

Ecological Systems Theory

how different environmental layers affect development, 5 layers

Microsystem

groups with direct contact & immediate influence (family, peers, etc.)

Merosystem

connections between microsystem elements (parent-teacher interactions, local government impacting neighborhood safety, etc.)

Macrosystem

broader cultural context (cultural values, economic conditions, etc.)

Chronosystem

temporal dimension of development-time (historical events, life transitions, family changes, etc.)

Parenting styles

authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, uninvolved parenting

Authoriatarian

parents dictate rules & expect blind obedience

Permissive

parents make few demands & submit to their children's wishes

Authoritative

parents set & enforce rules after discussion with their children

Secure Attachment

develops with consistent, responsive caregiving

Insecure Attachment

results from inconsistent or unresponsive care (avoidant, disorganized, anxious)

Temperament

individual differences in behavior that are biologically based, relatively independent of learning, system of values and attitudes.

Social Clock

cultural, age-related timetable for major life milestones

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

trust vs mistrust

autonomy vs shame and doubt

initiative vs guilt

industry vs inferiority

identity vs role confusion

intimacy vs isolation

generativity vs stagnation

integrity vs despair

Trust vs Mistrust

birth-2: learning to trust caregivers when their needs are consistently met, If needs are not met, mistrust is developed

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

2-4: develop independence by making simple choices, If overly controlled, feel shame or doubt their abilities.

Initiative vs. Guilt

4-5: begin to take initiative in social interactions and activities; if discouraged, may develop guilt about asserting themselves.

Industry vs. Inferiority

5-12: develop a sense of competence through school and social interactions, repeated failure lead to feelings of inferiority.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

12-19: explore sense of self & personal identity, uncertainty in values and goals leads to confusion.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

20-40: seeking close relationships and emotional connections, failure to form meaningful bonds can result in isolation.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

40-65: Adults focus on contributing to society and guiding the next generation, lack of purpose may lead to stagnation (stuck)

Integrity vs. Despair

65+: Reflection on life leads to a sense of fulfillment or regret, positive review of life = integrity, regret = despair.

Achievement

a person has explored various identities and made a committed choice

Moratorium

active exploration without yet reaching a decision

Foreclosure

an individual commits to an identity without fully exploring other options (external pressures from family or culture)

Diffusion

lack of commitment/direction, the individual has not explored or made decisions about their identity.